Un Chien Andalou Experimental Movie Film Studies Essay

Un Chien Andalou Experi psychical Movie Film Studies EssayBunuel explains that historically the guide represents a violent reaction against what in those days was called avant-garde, which was aimed exclusively at artistic sensibility and the audiences reason. In Un Chien andalou the hire unclutterr for the first prison term takes a position on a poetic- moral plane. His object is to annoy instinctive reactions of disgust and attraction in the spectator. He besides says that nonhing in the film symbolizes anything.The premise for the ideas from the film comes from two visions, one by Luis Bunuel and one by Salvador Dali. Therefore in a dream-like sequence a womans ticker is slit open, juxtaposed with a similarly shaped veil obscuring the moon moving in the same direction as the clapper through the eye, to grab the audiences attention. The French develop ants in the palms, sh give birth as text edition on the screen literally, this is meant to show the mans urge to kill the woman, as the phrase means itching to kill. This is base on Dalis dream. A man pulls a piano along with the tablets of the Ten Commandments and a dead donkey towards the woman hes itching to kill. Shots of striped objects are repeatedly being use to some(prenominal)(predicate) connect scenes.The film is an intense amalgam of modernist material drawn from a wider variety of cultural sources. It also includes amalgamates of the aesthetics of Sur rattlingism with Freudian discoveries. It simply answers the global idea of that, which defines Surrealism as an unconscious, psychic automatism, able to return to the mind its real function, outside of all control exercised by reason, morality or aesthetics.The floor of the film is not continuous, there are non-real jumps in time and space, which make the characters doubt, retract and repeat themselves very much like in a dream and time is non- linear. Surrealist artists utilise film as a strong point because it gave visual expres sion to their words and ideas and seemed to be closest to dream imagery. The film begins in the present, moves to 8 historic period later, then 3am, then 16 age before, and finally ends in spring. A very rich and individual cinematographic quarrel is revealed by the use of angles, optical, focus, transitions and also the alternation of long-shots and close-ups.The events that happen are not contingent in our everyday realness, for example ants coming out of the palm of the mans hand. deuce completely unrelated objects and ideas come together and fabricate a neer seen before new idea. Like in the opening of the film, when the womans/ cows eye is slit it was Dalis and Bunuels interest to shock the audience and make them question their own reality and by doing so creating a new one.Man ray of light mixed poetry and film to create the cinpome. He used the same concept as Dali and Bunuel by using completely unalike and unrelated ideas and objects to create a new reality. An exam ple of a cinpome is Man Rays Etoile de mer (Starfish), a poem by Robert Desnos, which Man Ray see through film. The film also involved innovative shots and camera angles, such as glimpses through church glass,which created a distorted, unclear stack of the scene.Sigmund Freuds exercise on European intellectuals resulted in automatic writing and the interests in the dream world. Salvador Dal in particular set out to simulate mental disturbance with his paranoiac-critical method. These interests manifested themselves in explorations of the illlusionistic rendering of the dream world.Surrealists were tying to challenge bourgeois values and saw themselves as revolutionaries valuing destruction as a course of clearing the ideological landscape. Bunuels film made a key connective between surrealism and Freudianism, by revealing the cinema as the true simile of the dream state.Atheistic, Dionysian, rebellious and revolutionary, the Surrealist movement thrived on the paradox of filli ng the moral, respectable and religious vacuum left in the wake of the First dry land contend with another void of guiltness, sinless liberty.As a settlement of World War One the political atmosphere in the twenties was shaky.The failure of postwar treaties, the economic disaster and the failure of the League of Nations to preclude the peace, made it possible for opposing forces to once again emerge. The totalitarian regimes of several European countries used this tenuous ground to grow in the mid-twenties and 1930s. Benito Mussolini emerged as the head of the fascist regime in Italy which was derived from a check nationalism. Joseph Stalin gained control of the Communist companionship in the Soviet Union in 1929 and Adolf Hitler in Germany by building the National Socialist German Workers Party into a mass political movement.The questions left from the aftermath of World War One were in need of an intellectualanswer. Instead of rejecting everything, as dad espoused, Surrea lism sought a way toimprove the society in which it was entrenched. tour Dada was a primary rebellion of the individual against art, morality, and society based on chance and with nihilistic intent,Surrealism was based on hope. While Surrealism tended to create instead of destroy, Dada was against everything.Not only in art and literary productions Surrealism was a ground breaking movement, but also in politics. The strongest years of Surrealism were between1924-38, and these were in many ways characterized by political actions. Breton founded La Rvolution surraliste in 1925 as the voice of Surrealism .By the end of the War, many coming(prenominal) Surrealists joined the Dada movement. They believed that the government systems had led them into the war and they insisted that it was better not to have a government, also that the irrational was preferable to the rational in art, all oflife, and the civilization.A dream-logic, chance, superstition, coincidence, absurdity and challen ging orientation was favoured by the surrealists.They also aimed to recreate links between primal thoughts and emotions in rove to retread human needs away from materialism, mass culture and social order towards immersion in the revolutionary hagiography of mankinds dark side.http//lunar-circuitry.net/wordpress/?cat=160http//searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1129727http//www.wasistwas.de/aktuelles/reportage-HYPERLINK http//www.wasistwas.de/aktuelles/reportage-film/filmlexikon/artikel/link//e5d323f0b8/article/lexikon-experimentalfilm.htmlfilm/filmlexikon/artikel/link//e5d323f0b8/article/lexikon-experimentalfilm.htmlhttp//www.cinematica.org/archives/u/un_chien_andalou.htmhttp//www.centerforvisualmusic.org/Moritz1920sAb.htmSurrealists used all media were to create art or poetic acts.One of the important goals of Surrealism was to force the viewer/reader out of his or hereveryday reality to see a new, surreality filled with the potential of changing the worldinto a place of beauty, love, and freedom, away from the harsh truths of European politicsand the control of the bourgeoisie. feature article of the middle class, especially in being materialistic or conventional. capitalistic(in Marxist contexts) capitalist.Freudianrelating to or influenced by the Austrian psychotherapist Sigmund Freud (18561939) and his methods of psychoanalysis.susceptible to analysis in terms of unconscious thoughts or desires a Freudian slip.Hagiographythe writing of the lives of saints.a biography idealizing its subject.Le Cinma, des origines nos jours pr memorial tablet par Henri Fescourt.

History Of Green Technology

storey Of Green TechnologyIn this forward-looking era, engineering science is improving immobile and economic is outgrowth rapidly collectible to the luxurious lifestyle of homo nowadays. We laughingstock progress to as much qualification as we motive by producing efficiently and continuously. But the negative trespass that these dexterity give is much than positive impact because of resources that we need to use and waste ingathering that were produce from the process of producing nothing such as nuclear notwithstandington and ember zip.On the different hand, the rapid growth of industry from countrified industry to manu occurrenceuring industry in the past decades has caused the issue of zip to enlarge. However, the increase in these ability production consume a great marrow of resource and allow for cause contamination to the environment and also state nowadays has already aw be of the consequences of pollution that pull up stakes bring to us in pr oximo. Therefore, production of park technology and muscle has been increasing in these few years.1.1 History of Green TechnologyIn the early days, to begin with the industry revolution, wad were using the main source, the sun, to generating the heat, they also used the different source to assist their daily life, such as horses as their expatriation use, animals like cows and donkeys as their labors, and the wind go away use to instigate the sails and gene number the simple machine. However, since the first introduce of modern locomote engine by Thomas Newcomen and James Watt in the mid 1700s, people frame the possibility of make use of the billet of steam. The single steam engines were soon became powering locomotives, cypheries and coldm implements after the coal dug from the miles of England and Appalachia. In the 1800s, to a greater extent and more natural resources were founded useful and able to bring us a zillion of convenience, such as the oil and petroleum w hich use in processed the gasoline for machine combustion after that. However, this ease has brought a lot of vitality crisis exclusively told in all around the world today due to the huge consumption on the fogey displaces such as the oil, coal and the natural gas in the past decade.Nowadays, ballpark technology can refer to many different things, such as clean energy, renewable energy, sustainable energy, waste management and energy conservation. However, it is hard to find a history specify for leafy vegetable technology in the past. During the 1900s, on that point were a series of energy crisis in the Middle East and things getting worsened in year 1973 when the embargo imposed by the oil producers of Iraq on America led the wrong of crude oil to rise from $3 per barrel to $12 in year 1974 and al almost r individually a average wrong of $45 in year 1980. This decision was in response to the America gave their support for the Israel in the Arab-Israeli War (Yom Kippur War). (Terry Macalister, 3 meet 2011)United Stated was awaking by this oil crisis and sop upd the importance of the energy resources, at that placefore beginning the initial charge for developing the clean energy. In 1978, the National qualification Act became a landmark first grade in beginning the inquiry and development of renewable energy, but the push for renewable standards really began in the 1960s. (http//www. putting surfaceenergychoice.com/ potassium-guide/renewable-events.html) After that, Madrigal also had a world-shaking explore in solar, wind and former(a) alternative energies because there is a sudden change in the energy cost and actualisation of environmental crisis. These were the evidences to prove that since 1900s, green technology was undergoing a huge and rapid growth until today. In icon 1, the diagram shows the rapid growth of energy consumption from year 1986 to 2011.Figure 1 World primary energy consumption grew by 2.5% in 2011, less than half t he growth rank experienced in 2010 but close to the historical average. Rowth decelerated for all regions and for all fuels. Oil remains the worlds leading fuel, accounting for 33.0% of global energy consumption, but this figure is the lowest sh are on record. Coals market share of 30.3% was the highest since 1969.1.2 investigate Background nil is very crucial nowadays in every industrialized country and also consumed by household. Most of the energy is approach path from oil and natural gas but unfortunately these resources are depleting when quantify goes on. Due to this problem, researchers are trying to develop alternative fuels, new manner of generating energy and energy efficiency requirement. They collect developed many sources of renewable energy which is chemical energy, electrical energy, radiant energy and nuclear energy. Although all these alternatives sources of energy is renewable, but it also pose another(prenominal) negative impact to the environment said Ko fi (2002).In rough countries, clean energy is produced which is energy that does not produce waste products also cognize as green energy. According to Bakar, Sam, Tahir, Rajianiand Muslan (2011), green technology is an evolving of various kind of methodologies and materials enhancement. The usage of environmental friendly mechanisms has been increased to reduce the impact resulting from industrial sector wastage and fossil fuel consumption due to researches that has been make by scientists related to green technology pointing to climate changes and global warm up due to greenhouse gases. With the menace of global warming and costly energy rising, businesses are starting to realize the benefits of using these technologies to reduce carbon footprint and waste while self-aggrandizing the business a positive results said Zainura (2010). According to Eyraud, Wane, Zhang and Clements (2011), they have done research on renewable energy by analyzing the trends and determinants of inve stment on green technology for the last decades on advanced and emerging countries. They are using multi-country historical selective informationset and the results shows that green investment has become an important factor in energy sector which is growing rapidly mostly by China.1.3 Development of Green TechnologyThere are various types of green technology such as wind power, solar energy, hydroelectric power which is derived from the water movement, biofuels which is derived from burning plants and animals substances., geothermal energy which is derived from the heat that given rack up by the earth, biomass which is produced by the organic materials such as plants and animals.Figure 2 G20 Renewable Electricity ProductionCUsersUserDesktopUntitled.pngSource NRDC, 2012 U.S. verve instruction Administration, 2012 Bloomberg New muscularity Finance 2012There is a research and data collection prepared by the NRDC, 2012 U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2012 Bloomberg New Energ y Finance 2012 showing some important statistics in percentage of the renewable electricity production and investment of be the G20 country. The electricity are produced by various kind of renewable resources such as the wind, solar, geothermal, wave and tidal. (see figure 2)Table 1 Electricity from Wind, Solar, Geothermal, Tidal and Wave in the G20 CountriesCUsersUserDesktopUntitled1.pngSource Natural Resources Defense Council, Energy Information Administration, and Bloomberg New Energy FinanceAs of 2011, the EU countries are really leading the pack, with Germany the most out of the G20 countries, getting nearly 11% of its energy from renewable sources. Its followed by the EU as a whole with almost 7%, thence Italy and Indonesia. separate countries like the U.S., China, Mexico, and Brazil lag behind. The US comes in at seventh place, where its measly 2.7% renewable energy puts it just a pilus ahead of Mexico. Russia comes in last, with 0.0% of its energy coming from renewable so urces. While all these countries have do important progress since 2002 they are restrained importantly behind other countries like New Zealand, Spain, Portugal, and Iceland (see table 1).The NRDC also ranked the nations on how much their renewable energy production has grown since 2002. southwesterly Korea has had the most growth it multiplied its then-puny production 200 times, putting it at a still-puny 0.9%. China comes in a distant second, having multiplied its renewable energy more than 80 times. The US is eleventh on that list, having quadrupled its production. Argentina, where production has decreased by 12%, is last. (see table 1)Table 2 stature Countries for Clean Energy Investments in 2011CUsersUserDesktopUntitled3.pngSource Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2012These rising trends are showing up in the investment in clean energy in for each one of these G20 countries. Since 2002, the G20 countries have cumulatively invested all all over $860 billion in clean energy, ac cording to data from Bloomberg New Energy Finance. The majority of this investment has occurred in the E.U. ($291 billion), followed by the U.S. ($215 billion), China ($197 billion), Brazil ($52 billion), and India ($40 billion). Saudi Arabia, which has spent a pathetic $20 zillion since 2004, comes in last place. This is because in Saudi Arabia the oil price is still low.In the midst of worldwide renewable energy sector growth, some government policies encouraged renewable energy growth much more effectively than others, such as Germanys feed-in tariffs. The United States has been pursuing renewable energy less aggressively than Germany has, and, in accordance with the saying you reap what you sow, Germany has remote more effectively stimulated renewable energy growth. To fully perceive the importance of weighing an aggressive growth policy versus a milder one, its important to understand the purpose of encouraging renewable energy usage.Due to the fact that global warming is a time bomb that requires urgent action, a mild growth policy that leaves the United States generating whole 2.7% of power from renewable sources is not adequate. Every year that coal power plants dominate, they make a significant contribution to our growing global warming problem. If global warming was not an issue, it could be pursued less aggressively. However, peak oil is a concern as well.The reports authors remind the 20 nations of the commitment they 20 made in 2002 to substantially increase the global share of renewable energy sources. Theyve made a difference in the G20 countries as a whole, new clean energy investments have increased by almost 600 percent, far outpacing economic growth in those countries. But its not enough, the reports authors warn. Without a undischarged turnaround, the G20 nations are on no track to meet their goal. The G20 nations as a whole watercoursely use 2.6% renewable energy. Based on current trends, they will be using under 4 percent by 2015, a nd less than 6 percent by 2020. (Jake Schmidt Aaron Haifly, Jan 2012)Problem Statement1.4 inquiry Objective1.4.1 General ObjectiveThe ordinary objective of this cartoon is to study the factor that enhances the global green technology in economic perspective. Other than that, the purpose of this study is to test the cointegration and longsighted deport race among the variables by using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method. Then, we will found out which variables are significantly influenced others and how it does in order to discover a more effective way in doing an enhancement of green technology in global.There are five variables that we used in our study, which are clean energy index (green technology index), fossil fuel price, carbon dioxide permits price, technology index and the market stock price (SP calciferol). Lastly, the precise objectives of this research are as follow.1.4.2 Specific ObjectiveOur specific objectives are as follows1. To examine whether cl ean energy index and fossil fuel price has any cointegrated and long run kinship by using VECM.2. To examine whether clean energy index and CO2 permits price has any cointegrated and long run relationship by using VECM.3. To examine whether clean energy index and technology index has any cointegrated and long run relationship by using VECM.4. To examine whether clean energy index and SP 500 has any cointegrated and long run relationship by using VECM.1.5 inquiry QuestionDo the clean energy index and fossil fuel price have a significant relationship between each other?Do the clean energy index and CO2 permits price have a significant relationship between each other?Do the clean energy index and technology index have a significant relationship between each other?Do the clean energy index and SP 500 have a significant relationship between each other?1.6 Hypothesis of the studyIn our research, we treated all the variables as our dependent variables. Thus in this strip there is no nee d to specify which variables are endogenous variables and which are the exogenous variables by using this VECM method. So, we are going to make a hypotheses to figure out either there are cointegrated and long run relationship exist among these variables.In fact, as we noticed that, the rapidly growing of the green technology globally in recent decades, hence, we are expect that the variables we had chosen will have long run relationship and cointegrated among each others.1.7 Significant of the studyBack to the previous studies, past researcher have stated that the clean energy index, technology index, oil price, interest rate have long run relationship and cointegrated among each other. However, the study had forecast out CO2 permits price had no long run relationship and no influenced by other variables (Surender Kumar, 2009). Therefore, in our study, we decided to investigate over the CO2 permits price with other variables again to figure out whether there is an existence of coi ntegrated and long run relationship among them.Due to the sharply rises of the pollution rate and the energy crisis problems, it has been ring a bell to not only the developed countries but globally including those countries which are still in developing stage. Based on the previously studies, most of the researchers were only focus the theatre of operations of study on developed countries and some of them are worlds renewable energy leaders (Germany, Denmark, Spain), such as the OECD countries and G20 nations. On the other hand, contribution of other small countries also cant be neglected. So, it is important to investigate other developing countries which are also undergoing a huge improvement in their clean energy growth such as Iceland, Lesotho, Albania, Paraguay, Bhutan and Mozambique. Therefore, we decided to do a globally research on our topic.Besides that, the government and future researcher may use this study as their references. For example, government will get benefit b y have some ideas with how to enhance their green technology due to the past research had stated that the country uncouth domestic production has a positive relationship directly with the green technology growth. Furthermore, future researcher can do a followup on this study and they may do a more trusty with future theory.1.8 Chapter LayoutIn chapter one, which is the introductory chapter includes background and explanation of green technology and how it benefits to the environment, problem statement, objectives, hypothesis and lastly theoretical framework. In the background and definition part, we discuss nigh the importance of clean energy also known as renewable energy and what is benefits it will bring to our environment.After that, our research will continue to problem statement. In this part, we will discuss about the problem and issue of the research topic in detail. Then we will proceed to next part which is the objective. It is separated into two parts that is genera l objective which is the main objective of our research and specific objective which is specific idea of what we are going to test.And lastly we will continue with theoretical framework that is the structure that supports the theory of a research study. In this part, we will include and describes the theory that we use and apply in this research.

Organopalladium Reagents and Intermediates

Organo atomic number 46 Reagents and IntermediatesJoo T. V. MatosTable of contentTable of contents1. Introduction2. Organo atomic number 46 reagents and mediums2.1. The trace features for the use of atomic number 46 in organomet all(prenominal)ic chemistry2.1.1. Oxidation States of Palladium2.2. Preparation of organo atomic number 46 reagents and intermediates2.2.1. -Ally Palladium Complexes2.2.2. Cyclic aryl palladium complexes2.2.3. Palladium alkene and Diene Complexes2.2.4. Palladium-TV-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes2.3. Methods for structural characterisation of organopalladium reagents2.3.1. Nuclear Magnetic vibrancy Spectroscopy2.3.2. Infr bed spectrometry2.3.3. X-Ray watch glasslography3. Applications of palladium-catalysed original reactions3.1. Palladium-catalysed carbon-carbon subdue duad reactions3.1.1. The Heck reaction3.1.2. The Stille Reaction3.1.3. The Suzuki reaction3.1.4. The Negishi Reaction3.1.5. The Sonogashira Reaction3.1.6. The TsujiTrost Reaction4. t ravel remarksBibliography1. IntroductionOrganometallic chemistry is discipline devoted to the study, not only of the compounds and intermediate species with metal-carbon mystifys, only when likewise the comprehensive study of all transformations and interaction surrounded by positive molecules and a inorganic metal from the briny groups, transition series, lanthanides and actinides (Astruc, 2007 Crabtree, 2005). This larboard discipline, between classical organic chemistry, coordination chemistry and inorganic chemistry, has proved, in the snuff it decades, very(prenominal) useful to bequeath around important conceptual insights, refreshed structures, and guns for contrastive covers argonas of organic deduction, both in the faculty member and in the industrial ambits (Crabtree, 2005). Organometallic chemistry also began to have a study furbish up on early(a)wise beas such as biochemistry with the discovery of enzymes that carry prohibited organometallic cata lysis chemistry of materials due to the proprieties of whatsoever organometallic compounds to be employ was precursors for depositing materials on confused substrates via thermal decomposition of the metal compound nanoscience and nanotechnology due to the proprieties of some organometallic compounds to be utilize precursors for nano disjointicles and green chemistry by minimizing both animation use and chemic waste of several(prenominal)(prenominal) organic subtraction (Crabtree, 2005).The let outset organometallic substance to be prepared was synthesized in 1760, in a armament pharmacy in Paris, by Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt. This French chemist, who was working on cobalt-containing inks, used arsenic-containing cobalt salts for their preparation. From this work was responseed the so-called Cadets fuming naiant which contains a mixture of tetramethyldiarsine and cacadoyl oxide (the first documented organometallic compound) by carrying out the fol modesting reacti on (Equation (1))(1)However, despise several organometallic compound discovered, along the ordinal and nineteenth centurys, the truly boom of organometallic chemistry only occurred during the troika quarter of the twenty century, in especially in countries like the join States of America, England and Germany (Astruc, 2007). whizz of the circumstances that contributed to this was the recognition of the potential of some d-block transition metals (i.e. nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, and ruthenium) organometallic reagents and intermediates as superior catalysts for new deposit formation (i.e. carbon-carbon bonds) and their unique property to activate a full(a) range of organic molecules (Negishi, 2002 Schlosser, 2013).In this review, one of these d-block transition metals and their organometallic reagents base and intermediates pass on be put in broader perspective, the palladium. The use of this metal, has truly rphylogenesisized the organic synthesis field over the w eather triple decades, being nowadays, the close to widely used element in organic synthesis (Crabtree, 2005). believably the about notable example of its splendour of the palladium intermediates as catalyst in organic synthesis is the attribution, by the Swedish Nobel Committee, of the 2010 Nobel Prize in interpersonal chemistry to Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki for their work in palladium-catalysed finicky sexual unions in organic synthesis (Nobelprize.org, 2013). This review will attempt to noblelight some of the outstanding properties of the organopalladium reagents and intermediates, observeing the principal(prenominal) ways of preparation of these components, some of the intimately important analysis procedures to chance their structural characterization, and present some of the numerous actions and reactions where these compounds play an important role.2. Organopalladium reagents and intermediates2.1. The characteristic features for the use of palladium in organometallic chemistryPalladium is a chemic element discovered and isolated in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston who named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was discovered a year before. Is a transition metal and endure to the 10th group, 5 period, and d-block of the periodic table. This atom, with atomic number of 46 and middling atomic weight of 106.4 could occur immanently in seven isotopes, which includes half dozen stable isotopes.Palladium, is nowadays one of the most versatile, selective, ubiquitous and signifi potfult metals used for organic synthesis and had truly impacted this field in the last four decades (Negishi, 2002). This fact is mainly because no other transition metals kitty offer such versatile to the abundance of possibilities of carboncarbon bond formation that the palladium reagents and intermediates butt joint offer (Tsuji, 2004). Furtherto a greater extent, despite the palladium complexes are, in several reactions, grittyly re alive(p ) are stable enough to be used as recyclable reagents and intermediates, in catalytic processes (Negishi, 2002). In this smell palladium-mediated processes have become essential in several applications, to wit in the syntheses of natural products, polymers, agro chemicals, and pharmaceuticals (Caspi, 2008).Despite the palladium being a rare and very expensive noble metal, there are several characteristic features and chemical properties which make reactions involving palladium reagents and intermediates particularly suitable in organic synthesis. One of the most important characteristic feature appears to be its moderately macroscopic atomic size factor which contribute to the moderate stability of its compounds and their controlled but wide-ranging reactivity conduct (Negishi, 2002 Tsuji, 2004). Further more than, its moderated size associated with high d-electron count, and its relatively high electronegativity (2.20 and 1.57 in Pauling and Sanderson dentures, respectively), classified this element as soft element, which makes it a real alternative to the more traditional and hard organometallic reagents, such as the magnesium (Grignard) and lithium compounds (Negishi, 2002). Other important characteristic features is the tolerance from the palladium reagents and intermediates to several functional groups (i.e. carbonyl and hydroxy groups) and which means that the palladium-catalysed reactions poop be carried out without protection of these functional groups (Tsuji, 2004). Furthermore, palladium reagents and intermediates have a low tendency to stamp outstairsgo one-electron or commence radical in the reaction processes, reducing the possibility of unwanted side reactions and making the palladium-catalysed reactions quite refreshful and selective. Finally, some other important feature, especially in the green chemistry context is their lack of toxicity problems associated and therefore they do not require besides many special handling cares (Ne gishi, 2002).2.1.1. Oxidation States of PalladiumThe most prevalent oxidation defers of palladium are 0, +1, +2, +3, and +4 (Pd(0), Pd(I), Pd(II), Pd(III), and Pd(IV), respectively). The palladium oxidation states of +1, +2, +3, and +4 correspond to d9, d8, d7, and d6 electron configurations, respectively, as shown in descriptor 1.Figure 1.Representative d electron configuration of Pd(I), Pd(II), Pd(III), and Pd(IV) oxidation states ( found on fictional character (Mirica and Khusnutdinova, 2013))The vast volume of palladium-catalysed reactions, until the beginning of the twentieth-one century, were only focused in the reactions involving Pd(0) and Pd(II) oxidation states, since Palladium potently favours this two oxidation states (Mirica and Khusnutdinova, 2013 Negishi, 2002). Despite the bulk of the organopalladium literature is centered on the use of Pd(0) and Pd(II) oxidation states, already in 2002, in the Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic Synthesis, Negi shi point out that the utilization of other oxidation states (Pd(II), Pd(III), or Pd(IV)), although it is put away very rare, could become o be very portentous in the future (Negishi, 2002).More than ten years later, and with the rapid evolution in the organopalladium chemistry, complexes with palladium in these oxidation states, especially the Pd(IV), have demonstrate their potential and they improved signifi pottly their role in organic synthesis. Although the tuition of Pd(IV) chemistry has just begun, this has already made possible the development of a number of signifi throw outt new transformations. Pd(IV)-catalysed reactions usually show a high selectivity and celluloid robustness, and in almost all of them the use of catalysts are generated in situ from commercially available palladium salts, making them particularly attractive from the sales booth of cost effectiveness (Muiz, 2009).However, by comparison with the Pd(0), Pd(III), or Pd(IV), complexes of odd-electron Pd (I) and Pd(III) oxidation states are much less used. Yet, despite the study of this oxidation states remains in its infancy, Pd(I) complexes have already been employed as pre-catalysts in organic synthesis (Canty, 2011) and despite the potential role of Pd(III) intermediates in catalysis is currently more speculative, this subject beginning to emerge considerable interest, as can be highlighted by the antithetical articles and reviews on the subject (Canty, 2011 Mirica and Khusnutdinova, 2013 Powers and Ritter, 2011).2.2. Preparation of organopalladium reagents and intermediatesIn the majority of the organic reactions that use palladium as catalyst, the organopalladium species are generated in situ during the melodic line of the reaction, instead of a preparation of stoichiometric organopalladium reagents, ensuring that only a catalytic amount of palladium is used. In these cases, the reaction mechanicss should include a look were the organopalladium species are organise, the st eps in which the formed species react with other reagents to generate a particular product(s), and the step in which organopalladium species are regenerated in a catalytically active form (Carey and Sundberg, 2007).There are several types of organopalladium intermediates extensively used in reactions with considerable vastness in several synthetic applications. As reviewed by Schlosser (2013), more than 64000 entities with a palladium-carbon bond are known. Consequently, in this review, only the preparation of some of the most common organopalladium reagents and intermediates will be addressed.As special cares to have in the preparation of these complexes, palladium complexes, impertinent the organometallics from the Group I and Group II, are not water sensitive. Consequently, in almost cases, strict exclusion of water is not necessary. Although, some reactions can beneficiate from the presence of water traces or can even be performed in water as solvent or co-solvent. Furthermor e, palladium complexes could be quite to moderately air stable. Consequently, it is advised to conduct reactions employ these complexes under an inert gas (i.e. argon or nitrogen) (Schlosser, 2013).2.2.1. -Ally Palladium ComplexesOne of the most important organopalladium intermediates are -allyl complexes. The most common -allyl palladium complex, the dimer (n3-C3H5)PdCl2, was discovered more than 50 years, serves as starting material for a number of other complexes (Schlosser, 2013).-allyl complexes, can be synthesize from Pd(II) salts, allylic acetates, and other compounds with the potential of loss groups in an allylic position, or can be prepared at once from alkenes by reaction with PdCl2 or Pd(O2CCF3)2. In this plunk for scenario, the reaction occurs by electrophilic plan of attack on the electrons followed by loss of a proton, as equal in intrigue 1 (Carey and Sundberg, 2007). schema 1.Synthesize of -Ally Palladium Complexes by electrophilic attack on the electrons (based on reference (Carey and Sundberg, 2007)).Due to the low electrophilic power, these complexes usually reacted with less-substituted allylic terminus of a variety of nucleophiles. After this reaction occurs, the resulting organopalladium intermediate breaks down by elimination of Pd(0) and H+, as described in Scheme 2 (Carey and Sundberg, 2007).Scheme 2.The overall transformation of the allylic substitution. (based on reference (Carey and Sundberg, 2007)).2.2.2. Cyclic aryl palladium complexesAnother important organopalladium intermediates are the cyclic aryl palladium complexes, or palladacycles (Schlosser, 2013). This complexes, are quite relevant role in cascade transformations leading to complex molecular architectures, in the proximally) directed arylation reactions, and in several intramolecular cross- uniting reactions (Beletskaya and Cheprakov, 2004).Palladacycles intermediates can easily be obtained by palladation reactions starting from Pd(II) salts and an arene havi ng a directing group (Schlosser, 2013).Scheme 3.Palladacycles intermediates obtained by palladation reactions (R = NR2, PR2, etc., and Y = alkyl, aryl, etc.). Based on reference (Schlosser, 2013).In the cases where the directing group is an amine (e.g., benzyl or homobenzyl amines) or a phosphine (e.g., aryl phosphines), as stand for in the Scheme 3A, the mechanism occurs by an electrophilic addition to the arene, and could include Pd(IV) intermediates. On the other hand, as equal in the Scheme 3B, Alkylarenes can also be substrates for palladacycles, in which, the activating of sp3-carbons next to an arene is presumably forced by agostic interactions (Schlosser, 2013).2.2.3. Palladium Olefin and Diene ComplexesThe major group of organopalladium intermediates are the palladium Olefin and Diene Complexes. Pd(II) complexes having olefin ligands (i.e. 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD), norbornene, or norbornadiene) can be obtained by reaction of Pd(II) chloride in the presence of the appropr iate alkene (Carey and Sundberg, 2007 Schlosser, 2013). In this reaction the alkenes react with Pd(II) to give complexes that are subject to nucleophilic attack. However, the products formed from the resulting intermediates are depending of the specific reaction conditions used. In the first case, represented in Scheme 4 as the path a, palladium can be replaced by hydrogen under reductive conditions. On the other hand, in the absence of a reducing agent occurs the obliteration of the Pd(0) and a proton, leading to the substitution of a vinyl hydrogen by the nucleophile, as represented in path b of the Scheme 4. (Carey and Sundberg, 2007).Scheme 4.Synthesize of the Palladium Olefin complexes. Based on reference (Carey and Sundberg, 2007).However, it is important to note that several of these palladium Olefin and Diene complexes are already commercially available (Schlosser, 2013).2.2.4. Palladium-TV-Heterocyclic Carbene ComplexesPalladium-TV-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) complexes have been lately introduced as powerful ligands for palladium. These NHC complexes have as main advantage the fact that they are quite stable, easy to handle, air-stable and can be easily be prepared from the ligand and palladium precursors (Chartoire et al., 2012 Schlosser, 2013). The NHC-based palladium complexes have been used very successfully for a series of different reactions, namely some cross- wedlock reactions and aryl amination (Chartoire et al., 2012 Schlosser, 2013). In Figure 2 are shown some examples of these NHC-palladium catalysts, already used to ensure the capability of those reactions.Figure 2.Examples of NHC-palladium complexes A) Pd(NHC)(R-allyl)Cl highly-developed by Nolan B) Pd-PEPPSI-NHC developed by Organ and C) Pd(IPr*)(cinnamyl)Cl developed by Chartoire et al.. Figure adapted from the reference (Chartoire et al., 2012).2.3. Methods for structural characterisation of organopalladium reagentsThe acknowledgment and structural characterization of the organopall adium reagents and intermediates, is of utmost importance in organic synthesis field, to consider the behaviour and proprieties of these compounds. However, it can be quite challenging and clean tricky task to accomplish. To achieve the identification and structural characterization of the organopalladium reagents and intermediates, the main analytical methods used rely on the complementarity of randomness provide from spectroscopical and crystallographic techniques, such as multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (proton magnetic resonance) spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and roentgen ray crystallography.2.3.1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMultinuclear proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy is certainly the key methodology to elucidate molecular structures in solution. Consequently, just as has already happened in organic chemistry or biochemistry, it is now subroutine to measure NMR spectra of diamagnetic organometallic and coordination compounds. Nowadays, on a routine basis, organometallic chemists insouciant measure hundreds or even thousands NMR spectra, not only to identify and characterize the molecular structure of a given organometallic but also to verify if a reaction has taken place (Pregosin, 2012).The most investigated active nuclei in organometallic chemistry are, by far, 1H and 13C. However, there are several others right away measurable spin = nuclei, such as 15N, 19F and 31P, that provide structurally priceless chemical shifts and a diagnostic spin-spin coupling constants. Furthermore, often the measure of 1H and 13C NMR spectra alone may not be sufficient, especially when it is necessary understand the immediate environment of the metal canter and these probes are spaced isolated from the metal (Pregosin, 2012).NMR is therefore widely applied for analysis to organopalladium reagents. For example, 1H NMR is the most reliable characterization technique which can be used on hydridopalladium complexes (Negishi, 2002). Mo reover, there are several examples in the literature of the application of multinuclear NMR to organopalladium complexes (Leznoff et al., 1999 Paella et al., 2006 Satake et al., 2000 Schlosser, 2013). Even the 15N, and 31P NMR methodologies, are also are widely used in the characterization of organopalladium reagents, being possible to reckon studies in this field with more than thirty years (Motschi et al., 1979).2.3.2. Infrared spectroscopyInfrared (IR) spectroscopy provides the spectral information corresponding to vibrational modes of a molecule. The position of the bands in the Infrared (IR) spectrum depends mainly of the on the strength of the bond(s) manifold as measured and the reduced mass of the system calculated utilize the atomic weights of the atoms involved in the molecule (Crabtree, 2005). Consequently, IR spectroscopic are very useful to obtain a fast confirmation of the presence of some functional groups (i.e. C=O, C=N). However, this method should not be used as a sole characterization technique, since, for example, although the hydride ligands from the hydridopalladium complexes are expect to have (Pd-H) stretches occurring in the distinctive region of 19502060 cm-1 in the infrared spectrum, they are often very weak signals and are also rather restricted on the trans effect of the opposite ligand (Negishi, 2002).2.3.3. X-Ray crystallographyThe structural characterization in the fast state, namely that provided by X-ray crystallography is an extremely important part of organometallic chemistry. In the method, a beam of monochromatic X-rays pass through a single crystal of the sample. Consequently, this beam is diffracted in the crystal in various angles, providing in photography the pattern of the crystal floater. The intensity of this set of diffracted beams will depend on the nature and disposition of the atoms in the unit cell. Thus, the intensities provide the information about the locations of the atoms in the unit cell, while the relative positions of the spots on the photography film carry the information about the arrangement of the unit cells in space (Negishi, 2002). The results of an X-ray structural determination should be represented as a diagram showing the positions of all the atoms in the molecule, as represented in the Figure 3 for two different organopalladium complex (i.e.Pd(p-(Noxyl-tert-butylamino-2-)phenyl)diphenylphosphine2Cl2, and(-C3H5)Pd (p-(Noxyl-tert-butylamino-2-)phenyl)diphenylphosphine(Cl)) (Leznoff et al., 1999).Figure 3.A typical X-ray crystallographic characterisation of two different organopalladium complex (from the reference (Leznoff et al., 1999))However, in addition to being assured that organometallic compounds (i.e. organopalladium complex) capture the growth of crystals to be used in this technique, there are some limitations than need to be overcome. First of all, since the X-ray diffraction results are usually based on one only crystal, is necessary to ensure that this crystal is deputy of the bulk and free of impurities. One way to check that each crystal is the aforesaid(prenominal) material as the bulk of the sample is using the information from the IR spectrum. Furthermore, it is necessary to ensure that the solid state is really the same as the structure of the same material in solution, since several organometallic complexes outlive as one isomer in solution but as another in the solid state. This point is especially relevant when the solid state X-ray results are compared with the solution NMR data. Again, in this aspect IR spectroscopy can be also very useful because we can obtain a spectrum both in solution and in the solid state, which emphasizes the need for the information complementarity of these characterization techniques (Negishi, 2002).3. Applications of palladium-catalysed organic reactionsAs already pointed out, since the second half of the twenty century, palladium had increased its relevance and role in organic chemistry, in particular in metal-catalysed reactions. Palladium, together with some other transition metals, have the unique property to activate a wide range of organic molecules and thus to catalyse various bond formations. This metal, by far is the most commonly used metal, is thus of utmost importance in a wide range of applications, not only in academic circles but also in industry (Schlosser, 2013). An example of this application is the Wacker process. This reaction, discovered in the 1960s, uses catalytic amounts of palladium to oxidize ethylene to acetaldehyde, and is still widely used in industrial applications (in 2007, was generating four million tons of acetaldehyde per year (Astruc, 2007)).Another factor that has emphasized the importance of using palladium as a catalyst of organic reactions in academic and industrial applications was the introduction of several palladium-catalysed carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions. This fact can easily be verified by more than 200 natural products and biologically active molecules synthesized making use of the Heck reaction (section 3.1.1) and the ton scale fine chemicals produced in the industry using the Suzuki reaction (section 3.1.3) (Schlosser, 2013). Furthermore, these reactions also allowed the count syntheses of molecules used in the in the production of several medical drugs such as Naproxen (anti-inflammatory drug), Taxol (anti-cancer drug), (Z)-tamoxifen (anti-cancer drug), and morphine (Carey and Sundberg, 2007 Schlosser, 2013).3.1. Palladium-catalysed carbon-carbon cross coupling reactionsThe introduction, in the last quarter of the twenty century, of palladium as catalyst in carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions, a new paradigm for carboncarbon bond formation has emerged allowing the assembly of highly complex molecular structures and completely changed how the chemical synthesis is performed (Nicolaou et al., 2005).The capability of this reactions to forge carboncarbon bonds between or within functio nalized and sensitive substrates have received an enormous amount of aid among the synthetic chemists, and their scope has been very significantly expanded during the last several years, not only in not only in total synthesis but also in medicinal, biology and nanotechnology (Nicolaou et al., 2005).In general, the palladium-catalysed carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions can be represented by the Scheme 5. However, in this equation, for any given combination of R1 and R2, several parameters should be changed or optimized, namely the metal countercation M, the leaving group X, the palladium catalyst, the introduction of some additives or co-catalysts, the solvent, and even others parameters such as temperature, time, concentration, and mode of addition (Schlosser, 2013).Scheme 5.Geral toughie of the palladium-catalysed carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions (based on reference (Schlosser, 2013)).The characteristics of an ideal palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reaction can be l isted as follows (Schlosser, 2013)Varied and inexpensive methods to set up the coupling substrate functionality from commercially available starting materialsEasily activated high-yielding coupling under mild conditionsGeneration of the minimal amount of by-product preferably by employing low-molecular-weight donorsExcellent functional group compatibilityGeneral stability of the cross-coupling substrates blue toxicity of precursors, substrates, and generated by-products.In this review, despite the extremely long list of all the possible carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions involving Palladium as catalyst, it will focus on the reactions that embody several of the above mention characteristics and are most commonly used namely, the Heck, Stille, Suzuki, Sonogashira, TsujiTrost, and the Negishi reactions. These reactions, have truly revolutionized the organic synthesis field (Nicolaou et al., 2005), and, as already mentioned, should be noted that the authors and works that gave birt h to three of these reactions (Heck, Negishi, and Suzuki) were recently awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry 2010 (Nobelprize.org, 2013), which emphasizes even more the importance of these reactions.3.1.1. The Heck reactionThe Heck cross coupling reaction has been developed independently by Mizoroki, (Mizoroki et al., 1971), and improved by Heck (Heck and Nolley, 1972) in the early seventies of the twentieth century. However, it took more than a decade for the potential of this reaction, be explored by the wider synthetic organic community, namely with the development of catalytic asymmetric Heck reactions (Nicolaou et al., 2005).The Heck reaction, as presented in Scheme 6, can be broadly defined as the palladium-catalysed coupling of a vinyl, aryl, benzyl halide or a trifluoromethanesulfonate (OTf) group with an olefin to yield products which result from the substitution of a the hydrogen atom in the olefin coupling partner (Nicolaou et al., 2005).Scheme 6.The overall mechanism of the Heck reaction (R4 = aryl, benzy

Innocent until Proven Guilty Police Body Cameras

Innocent until Proven Guilty Police Body Cameras each jurisprudence officeholders should wear body cameras beca manipulation it helps to protect the human race, it helps with the police force force force officers safety, the back and off accusing of racial profiling, and too the neighborhood safety.Body cameras can coif as a reliable eyewitness. Without the body cameras, it would be the victims account book against the police officers. fit to The Daily Beast, These are the Victims of the Dallas Police Massacre Brent Thompson was an officer who died during the Dallas Police Massacre. Before joining the Department in 2009, Thompson trained police in Iraq and Afghanistan while working for a private military contractor. it to a fault states how great of a police officer Thompson was andIn May, Thompson shared a meme that she read, when I die my friends better do this at my funeral written on buy the farm of a scene from the show Eastbound Down if worn cameras during the dead liest daylight for U.S law enforcement since 9/11 maybe the world would know who killed the wondrous officer Thompson.The use of body cameras can protect police officers from existence falsely accused of unnecessary actions or brutality against suspected criminals. According to Considering Police body cameras, Marcus Jeter was arrested by New Jersey Police officers during the summer of 2012 and subsequently, charged with eluding the police, resisting arrest, and aggravated assault on a police officer. Parts of this undertake, were caught on tape by the dashboard camera in the officers pleasure craft. Jeter maintains from the beginning that the officers has used excessive force while arresting him and that he had not acted violently. The Bloomfield Police Department conducted an internal investigation and found the officers did aught wrong. Jeters arrest, his attorney uncovered evidence that a second police cruiser had been on the scene that night. This shows how police office rs are also getting the shield they deserve while using body cameras, without this evidence from the video cameras it would of been the officers word against Jeters. Police officers are more likely to be protected from criminals onerous to attack them because evidence is available to contact them.The number of deaths from last family has been outrageous. Many people are concerned nearly not solely the safety of citizens but also the use of guns. Some people odor as if the deaths of most citizens has been because of the use of racial profiling. Veronica Majerol from New York times Upfront states in the nerve of Michael embrown, an un gird black teenager. Some witnesses support Officer Darren Wilsons account that hed shot Michael Brown in self-defense. Others said Brown didnt pose a threat and that the shooting amounted to murder. A jury heady not to charge Wilson with a crime, but what really happened that night? If the encounter had been captured on video, some would hav e argued wed know After Wilsons ingenuousness and the death of Brown thousands of people looked at this case as the use of racial profiling killing innocent people because of the color of their skin. As stated above people would know more about the case of Browns and hes death if use of body cameras were worn during this incident.Furthermore, body cameras is also a great way to create safer communities. David French response to Trayvon Martin case An armed neighborhood-watch volunteer, George Zimmerman, shot and killed an unarmed teen, Trayvon Martin. Zimmerman claimed Martin had attacked him without any justifiable provocation. With that being said if Zimmerman was habiliment a body cameras during his claim attack by the teenage son February 26, 2016 this would of shown rather or not Martin did actually attack him.So numerous thing is going in the world today rather its public safety, the officers safety, the racial profiling, or even neighborhood safety. Cops will be more protec ted if wearing a video camera, just like the police ovth says you are innocent until proven guilty and the video cameras shows just that, and also more of a suspect and a victim.References13-Year-Old With a BB Gun Is ray of light and Killed by Police in Columbus, Ohio. Daily Intelligencer, 15 Sept. 2016. General OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPSsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CA463581242it=rasid=cda072b43290f61613c17c1b2ebfa48b. Accessed 9 Feb. 2017.Body of evidence grows, but questions remain about police body cameras. American City County, 28 Sept. 2016. General OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPSsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CA465071065it=rasid=950657093dd447a10f9907a85c057467. Accessed 9 Feb. 2017.Considering police body cameras. Harvard Law Review, Apr. 2015, p. 1794+. General OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPSsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CA412800618it=rasid=5a50cce41c3ebfd18f649a9ba6938064. Accessed 9 Feb. 2017.Majerol, Veronica. Should police wear body cameras? While v ideo can tell us a lot about encounters amid the police and the public, body cams also raise concerns about privacy. New York times Upfront, 7 Sept. 2015, p. 6+. General OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPSsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CA436695119it=rasid=524ebcba9260ccc1380ec5d4a7ecd396. Accessed 9 Feb. 2017.

Statistical Analysis of Train Arrival Times

Statistical epitome of deal comer TimesIntroductionIn carrying let out this aim, the Researcher will be able to provide the reader with the findings of the project works through with(predicate) the mapping of Class Material and Statistical Data collected which was conveyed using the real- cartridge clip abridgment and Irish Rails Annual Report. In doing so, this will try in short the siding retort by way of the drills wee epoch. In addition, producing fixation analytic thinking graphs in terms of Null and utility(a) Hypotheses existenceness investigateed and relayed through the workings of Minitab (ANOVA ( unrivalled way concomitantor) will determine the P-value by way of the design of the prove (DoE)The project will be centre on the requirements set under the Public returns Contract in the midst of the National Transport Authority and Iarnrd ireann Concerning Compensation for Public Service Obligations pursuant to Dublin Transport Authority Act 2008 (as amended by the Public Transport Regulation Act 2009) and EC Regulation 1370/2007, catalogue B Performance Obligations of Iarnrd ireann to complete this project (Irish Rail 2017).This embrace will provide key information to be documented and relayed passim this project, such asDescribing the bring you are analysing, generically and technically. foundinging an taste that will allow you to determine the effect of the factor on the rig result, run the audition and gather the data appropriately and taking into identify Sample size, Randomization, Independence and Previous results available.Providing statistical analysis of the prove and describing the statistical evidence collected, in terms of Null and Alternative HypothesesShow results of your interpret into. In particular, does the factor equal the railroad siding response? Does your assumption, statistical and technical, seem presumable for these data collected?Identify i area of weakness in your study and/or your results and suggest how a new study could suss out it to improve the capital punishment of the process. (Luu ,2017)In completion of this project the research hopes to reach an agreement based on the train date surgical process obligations against the investigators real-time data collected. This in turn has given rise to the question being asked by way of the Null and Alternative Hypotheses. In doing so it produces findings by way of graphs which focus on the residual analysis produced and P-value based on Irish rails 95% confidence requirement.Thereafter, determining the level of respectfulness being corresponded by Irish rail against real-time analysis proceeds response carried out over a twain workweek period. Results were achieved through the use of Irish Rail real time software application.Finally, the researcher himself has an added interest in the findings as he has spent the last 5 years using the service from Dublin to Galway and Galway to Dublin collectively and is fully aware of post - reaching time delays and their add -on make that he has endured on arriving at his final destination and the knock on effects interlinked.Irish Rail company profile Iarnrd ireann is a service that provides passengers and burden rail services both intercity and regional services. Operating surrounded by Dublin, Belfast, Sligo, Ballina, Westport, Galway, Limerick, Ennis, Tralee, Cork, Waterford and Rosslare, Europort and Iarnrd ireann jointly operates the Dublin to Belfast Enterprise service with Northern Ireland Railways.( Irish Rail 2017)In addition the DART service operates between Greystones and Howth/Malahide. It as well runs a commuter service in the Dublin area between Gorey, Drogheda, (Irish Rail 2017)Performance obligation punctuality and reliability Track Records punctuality is set by the National Transport Authority (NTA) for all routes which regulates Irish Rails performance rates. Punctuality is defined as on time or within 10 minutes of s tretch multiplication. Delays outside of Iarnrd ireanns control are trucks hitting bridges or extreme stomach conditions such as snow or fog (Irish Rail 2017). The NTA performance reports under the Public Service Obligation contract is measured against Iarnrd ireann punctuality records. This excludes delays as stated above and figures are independently substantiate by the NTA. Reliability simple put is whether the train operates or non.Train performance in terms of punctuality and reliability Galway to Dublin racecourse performance results 2016 percentage pointDatesPunctualityReliability01Jan 01 to Jan 3195.1% one hundred%02Feb 01 to Feb 2896.4% coulomb%03Feb 29 to baby 2796.8% ampere-second%04Mar 28 to Apr 2494.9% light speed%05Apr 25 to whitethorn 2295.4%100%06May 23 to Jun 1995.5%99.38%07Jun 20 to Jul 1794.4%100%08Jul 18 to Aug 1494.3%100%09Aug 15 to family line 1196.7%100%10family 12 to Oct 0997.9%100%11Oct 10 to Nov 0693.4%100%12Nov 07 to celestial latitude 0492.6%99.70%1 3 regrets 05 to celestial latitude 310.00%0.00%Galway to Dublin track performance results 2015 (Irish Rail 2017)PeriodDatesPunctualityReliability01Jan 01 to Jan 2592.2%99.83%02Jan 26 to Feb 2298%100%03Feb 23 to Mar 2295.2%100%04Mar 23 to Apr 1995.8%100%05Apr 20 to May 1792.6%100%06May 18 to Jun 1496.9%100%07Jun 15 to Jul 1295.5%100%08Jul 13 to Aug 0993.3%100%09Aug 10 to Sep 0694.9%100%10Sep 07 to Oct 0496.3%100%11Oct 05 to Nov 0188.8%99.07%12Nov 02 to Nov 2980.2%99.69%13Nov 30 to Dec 3191.5%100%Galway to Dublin track performance results 2014 (Irish Rail 2017)PeriodDatesPunctualityReliability01Jan 01 to Jan 2695.2%99.83%02Jan 27 to Feb 2391.2%100%03Feb 24 to Mar 2394.3%100%04Mar 24 to Apr 2097.7%100%05Apr 21 to May 1896.1%100%06May 19 to Jun 1596.5%100%07Jun 16 to Jul 1394.3%100%08Jul 14 to Aug 1094.8%100%09**Aug 11 to Sep 0798.6%100%10Sep 08 to Oct 0595.8%100%11Oct 06 to Nov 0290.4%100%12Nov 03 to Nov 3089.8%100%13Dec 01 to Dec 2896.6%99.71%(Irish Rail 2017)Design of Experiment In t he undertaking of this project the design of the experiments (DoE) objective was to discover if the punctuality (Train Delay) of real time analysis meets the requirements set and if the travails could be repeated would we get the same results or could the process be improved to achieve better results. In carrying out this experiment the topic choice untaken was to be of significant value to achieve the serious information which in turn helps to design the experiment in the function manner otherwise this information could be mixed up with something else such as an observational study (Reilly 2017, pg 109). To differentiate from the above, a design of experiments was sets out to identify causes that may enable us to change the behaviour radiation pattern and help improve the process.In achieving my final results this experiment considered the effect of a factor (Time of Day) on an output response ( diametric times of the Day). Additionally this experiment placed emphasis on a rou tine of different train times (factor levels) which were hit-or-missly selected beforehand consisting of Peak and None peak times during the week.Hypothesis TestingTo get a admittedly value one can only assume that what is being relayed by the company is accurate. This should non be taken as being accurate until otherwise turn up only if one can only assume that the worthless guess is true. In order to get a true reflection in statistics the theory of testing is called the null system (H0). Hypothesis is other develop for theory, and it is null because at the outset it is neither proven nor disproven (Reilly 2017, pg. 68).In the task being carried out the objective is to prove or disprove that Irish rails punctuality clams implicate is at 95% and to come on how close or far from the 95% it is. Then you bugger off to ask the question. What is the probability of the data, assuming that the null assumption is true, this probability is called the p-value (Reilly 2017, pg. 68).Then using the well-worn = 0.05 cut-off, the null hypothesis is rejected when p p .05 as well cognize as type one and two faults.The Null Hypothesis being asked.The null hypothesis (H0) divers(prenominal) times of the twenty-four hour period does not affect the time of mean solar day. This means that all the factor levels according to the null hypothesis, that random chromosomal mutation is only present.The alternative hypothesis (H1) Different times of the day does devote effect on the time of day. This means that the factor does have an effect on the response and that some of the variation in the response is explained by the factor.Single-Factor Experiments and ANOVA by softwareFor the purpose of this project, A single-factor experiment was to be carried out, which considered the effect of one factor on a response as stated front. Furthermore, other factors that could affect the arrival time, such as accidents on bridges and extreme weather conditions, where kept c onstant during this experiment by applying the principles of experiment design.Principles of Experimental Design in this case restoration To get a true measurement for each response trinity test was carried out for each factor level over two weeks. This then allows you to see how much random variationoccurs in the response so far when the factor level remains the same, otherwise known as the error variance (Reilly 2017, pg 109). It must be noted that The term error does not convey as a mistake in this instance but simply takes into account impacts that could affect the overall result such as environmental impacts along with other underling facts for example driver error, trains not leaving stations on time, other trains impacts and peak travel times. Furthermore, it also must be noted that the learning effect should have no effect on the over final results in this case.The learning effects in this instance should not be correlated with random variation as this only amounts to une xplained variation and not with explained variation such as driver training which should be carried out under prior supervision in order to eliminate the learning effect.Randomisation In order to achieve a true reflection of the project in hand, the researcher projects logistics required the experiment to be performed in a random run and not that of fixed method. In order to achieve a fare random selection the researcher randomly picked days of the week Monday to Friday and every first to third day or second to quaternary day simultaneously. This in turn allowed each train time on the track equal status over the project phase and not allowing any factor to be more prominent over another during the test regardless of the time permitted by the company Principles of Experimental Design in this case. The reason for this is that there may be some state-of-the-art change as stated prior addressing any concerns. engine block Blocking was taken into account in this case but after the fact and not prior to the random section. This only became apparent to the researcher as the different days of the week could have an effect on the output response, as can be seen in the data below in some small part in this case. To get a true reflection of this the researcher would repeat the test again in a different blocking manner to see if the start of the week output response is greater than the end of the week over a durable period of time as the number of people travelling declines as the week progresses. This is one element of the test if repeated the researcher would look at in more detail.Data Collected from Real- time summaryDifferent Time of Day (response)Time Of Day (Factor Levels)MON sweep upFRIMONWEDFRI0630 08415450540930 120012682431305 15437630281505 174281419731920 21474-281641RESULTSDescriptive Statistics Different time of the day Variable Levels N N* Mean SE Mean StDev Minimum Q1 MedianDifferent time of the day 0630 0841 4 0 4.500 0.289 0.577 4.000 4.000 4. 5000630 0841 2 0 2.50 2.50 3.54 0.00 * 2.500930- 1200 2 0 7.00 5.00 7.07 2.00 * 7.000930 1200 4 0 5.25 1.11 2.22 3.00 3.25 5.001305 1543 6 0 4.33 1.28 3.14 0.00 1.50 4.501505 1742 4 0 5.25 1.93 3.86 1.00 1.50 5.501505 -1742 2 0 10.50 3.50 4.95 7.00 * 10.501920 2147 6 0 5.83 2.26 5.53 1.00 1.75 4.00One-way ANOVA Different time of the day versus factor Levels 4 in 1 overviewMethodNull hypothesis All means are equalAlternative hypothesis At least one mean is differentSignificance level = 0.05 extend to variances were assumed for the analysis.Factor InformationFactor Levels ValuesLevels 8 0630 0841, 0630 0841, 0930- 1200, 0930 1200, 1305 1543,1505 1742, 1505 -1742, 1920 2147 regulate SummaryS R-sq R-sq(adj) R-sq(pred)3.98672 19.61% 0.00% 0.00%MeansLevels N Mean StDev 95% CI0630 0841 4 4.500 0.577 (0.366, 8.634)0630 0841 2 2.50 3.54 (-3.35, 8.35)0930- 1200 2 7.00 7.07 ( 1.15, 12.85)0930 1200 4 5.25 2.22 ( 1.12, 9.38)1305 1543 6 4.33 3.14 ( 0.96, 7.71)1505 1742 4 5.25 3.8 6 ( 1.12, 9.38)1505 -1742 2 10.50 4.95 ( 4.65, 16.35)1920 2147 6 5.83 5.53 ( 2.46, 9.21)Pooled StDev = 3.98672 reasoning backward Analysis Analysis of VarianceIn carrying out the Regression Analysis it is important to understand that the first hypothesis in statistical regression linguistic rule is (H0 = 0) or more importantly it accounts for the P-Value (Levels) in this case. In addition the null hypothesis states that X is not a useful predictor of Y, or graphically Meaning the H0 = 0 regression line is horizontal. Subsequently, If the null hypothesis is accepted, it may then indicate that there great power be no predictive relationship at all between X and Y, and the analysis is over. But if this null hypothesis is rejected, it indicates that there is a predictive relationship between X and Y, and so it is useful to construct a regression equation for predicting values of Y. The second hypothesis is H0 = 0 is not accounted for in this case as there is no constant present i n results as stated below (Reilly 2017, pg. 97).Alternatively, If the null hypothesis is accepted, this means that the regression line may pass through the origin or that Y is directly proportional to X, so that any change in X would be matched by an identical percentage change in Y (Reilly 2017, pg. 98). Minitab by software output results as stated bellow.Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-ValueLevels 7 85.30 12.19 0.77 0.621Error 22 349.67 15.89Total 29 434.97The p-value for levels is 0.621, which is less than 5%, so we reject the hypothesis that the regression line is horizontal in this case.One-way ANOVA individual Observational Data equalisers vs Fits for Different time of the day In this case you can invoice that on-peak times have consistently lower scores than the other train times. You also notice that the x-axis marks are unequally spaced. The length between the ticks is proportional to the number of scores (observations) for each arrival timeThe following observations Not edThe lines full the centre of each line represent the arrival mean. At a glance, you can see that the mean for each arrival looks significantly different.The tumid span of each line represents the 95% confidence interval for the mean of each arrival.Additional Observational DataNormal plot of Residuals for Different time of the day In this case the plot above indicates that the arrival times are reasonably normal. There is some scatter with one outlier however the points are roughly speaking linear in this instance.Residual Histogram for Different time of the day In this case the result shows that the data are positively skewed (To The right). This means that the trains delay times might be much longer than pass judgment, but could not be much earlier than expected, because the train cannot leave the last station prior to its plan time.Residuals vs Order for Different time of the day In this case the time series plot shows a spike, this shows where there was a late arrival outs ide the expected arrival time before returning to expected level again. This correlates with outlier in the additional data stated above.ConclusionReferenceshttp//www.irishrail.ie/about-us/train-performancehttp//www.irishrail.ie/about-us/2014-performancehttp//www.irishrail.ie/about-us/2015-performance

In Literature, Women Are Good and Men Are Evil Essay -- Good vs Evil

What is good without evilness? Without evil, at that place would be no possible way for good to exist. They comple handst each other, without one, you cannot have the other. except somehow evil always studyms to outweigh the good. This is shown in various literary periods throughout history. There are many different ways that both(prenominal) good and evil can be shown. Good can be shown when someone is being kind or loving. The color white is oft associated with good because it symbolizes a lamb, who is soft and sweet, a gentle creature. Evil would commonly be associated with black. Black symbolizes evil because when people think of black, they think of minatoryness. The dark is scary and unpredictable so it is natural to associate it with evil. Without having an opposite to comparing something to then its nearly impossible to define it. Good and evil are defined so easily because when people think of good, they see the opposite of evil and vice versa. Throughout m any works of literature, men have been known to be evil/deceitful when it comes to women. Women are seen as the good in literature, not in all but in most cases. Authors such as William Blake and Christina Rossetti illustrate this and also evil in their literature to show their belief that evil dominates the world and good lies in the shadows but in the end, the good always prevails. In the Goblin Market, there are two sisters named Lizzie and Laura, one of the sisters falls ill after she is dupe to the evil of the pixys in the market but the good overcomes their evil when Lizzie does the ripe thing by going to the goblin market in take care for a way to cure her sister. Lizzie portrays the good in this poem, while Laura and the goblin men show the evil. Lizzie knew and stood firm on her ... ...lish Translation). Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.Blake, William. infant Joy. Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.Blake, William. Infant Sorrow. Poemhunter.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.Davidson, James. Beowulf - Good vs. Evil. StudyMode. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.Jevon, Amy. The Dark Bible Womens modest Status. The Dark Bible Womens Inferior Status. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.Johnson, William E. Good vs. Evil. Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014.Rossetti, Christina. Goblin Market. Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014.Smith, Robert. growth of American Literature. Evolution of American Literature. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.Williams, James A. Role of Women in Literature. StudyMode. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.

School Uniforms Essay -- essays research papers

Schools today arent in the best condition. at that place is teasing, madness, divergence, cliques, and poverty. There is much to say almost how having mandatory school uniforms will alleviate these problems. My question is, will uniforms help these problems enough to dismiss the hurt that they would realise? I say the uniforms do little to help. Having uniforms would stop the teasing and discrimination about clothing, but there is more to tease or tell apart someone about rather than just clothing. Such as hygiene, looks, personality, intelligence, race, and the tilt goes on. So unless people somehow find a way to be perfect in everyones opinion, teasing and discrimination wont stop.As for violence, its the same story. Uniforms would just stop the smallest percentage. In some ways uniforms actually make violence less preventable by eliminating one major warning sign. For case the black trench coats that were worn in by the murderers at Colorados aquilegia High School shoo ting. Of course Im not saying we should arrest anyone who wears a trench coat, but the way that someone dresses can say a lot about their personality.If youre thinking that uniforms will end symbols of being in a gang such as gang colors, think about how many other ways that a gang member could correspond that they were in a gang such as rolling up your sleeve or leaving out the tag on y...

Lord Of The Flies Vs. Huck Fin :: essays research papers

ResponsibilityIn todays society, sympathetic beings mustiness learn to take c ar of whateverthing or someone,and that is a tariff that they must uphold. In both the passkey of the Flies, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the responsibleness of the boys is to manage by themselves without either adults to take keeping of them. The events in William Goldings book Lord of the Flies can be easily compared to those of Mark Twains book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, because the main characters both have major responsibilities. There are 2 responsibilities that the characters came in contact with, taking care of people,including themselves, and being responsible plenty to do the right thing. Thus, responsibility helps individuals to evolve and mature. Taking care of yourself, as well as others is an enormous responsibility. In both books, the main characters must take care of themselves because they do not know who they can trust. The boys in the Lord of the Flies basi cally have to live their own lives, for they are on an island with no one to run to except themselves, or some of the other boys that they trust. Although, the ones they trust are already fending for themselves. The characters all go by changes as they adjust to their new world, and become different people because of it. In example to this, Jack seems like a strong willed character at the start of the book, but the other boys never would have imagined he would bring out into a cold blooded killer. Therefore, they must learn to take care of themselves for they can not depend on Jack or any of the older boys, to be there for each and every one of them. It is turn up that each boyhas this responsibility in the following quote Merridew morose to Ralph. Arent there any grown-ups? No. Merridew sat down on a trunk and looked round the circle. Then well have to look afterward ourselves. (Golding 17)This is an immense responsibility for the boys, because they never had to live on their own originally they arrived on the island. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, both Jim, the runaway nigger, and Huck choose the responsibility of taking care of themselves. This is because they both run away from the lives they had been living. But looky here, Huck, who wuz it digital audiotape uz killed in dat shanty ef it warnt you?

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

As you inhale the aggregate aroma of your senior break for the last season, Im sure at that place are many burning questions racing through your minds Will I find my place in the world? If youre lucky. Am I really way out to graduate a virgin? Yeah, probably. Who is that incredibly prominent young man addressing us, and how long do we have the privilege of perceive to him? Howdy, Andrew Gonzales here, and hopefully not long I realize that your robes are fashioning you sweat, your thongs are making you uncomfortable, and my use of the words virgin and thongs is making your parents sweaty and uncomfortable. Im not up here to talk about sweaty undergarments, though. Im not even up here because of my charm and untroubled looks. I have been granted this lovely opportunity to speak to equilibrise for the misery that went into the earning of the title valedictorian, and all the misery that will envelope the rest of my life as a result of it. Whenever I force outt figure out how the pump works at the plash station, Ill hear, And you were valedictorian? If I try to pull on a door that interprets push, it will be, You were valedictorian? Get caught picking my nose on the jumbo-tron at a baseball game, and the jeers will assault me Hey, jackass, were you really valedictorian? The purpose of a graduation delivery, as it has been laid out in the first place me, is not to complain, though, but rather to bore the hell out of you. Thats why my speech will last about four hours and cardinal minutes, filled with uninspiring poetry readings, bland quotes, meaningless anecdotes and the traditional sweeten assortment of shameless clichs and platitudes. Of course, I do realize that my speech is a compulsory formality, and that, in all likelihood, nothing I say will ... ...s and a bird in the hand is worth 2 in the bush yadda yadda yadda. But, most importantly, have a sense of liquid body substance and cherish this gift of spasms and primitive noises as a part of humans nature, before you age to the point where your heart will stop if you laugh. gag at lifes ironies and disappointments. Laugh at your society, your friends, and yourself. Laugh at Carrot Top even, not because he is funny, but because he thinks he is funny, which is so pathetic and absurd that it actually is funny. Im going to end with a fitting quote. Its not by Jefferson or Emerson as is customary in graduation speeches, but by the Harvard graduate, talk-show host, and comedian, Conan OBrien. If you can laugh at yourself loud and hard every time you fall, people will think youre drunk. Thank you Northglenn High class of 2006. I hope to laugh at you all again in ten years.

Courtly Love Conventions in Troilus and Creseyde Essay -- Troilus Cris

Courtly Love Conventions in Troilus and Creseyde From the begin the reader knows that Troilus and Criseyde is both a romance and a tragedy, for if the name of the meter and the setting of doomed Troy are not enough of a clue, Chaucers narrator tells us so explicitly. This is a tale of The double sorwe of Troilus to tellen, ... In lovying, how his aventures fellen Fro wo to wele, and after out of joie2 This waxing and waning of Troilus and Criseydes happiness in recognise allows Chaucer to explore the different manifestations of wonder in his contemporary society, and what the costs of winning might be. In particular, Criseydes fear of love, and betrayal of Troilus love, raises the question who is allowed to choose to love? Yet disdain the readers foreknowledge of a tragic ending, Chaucers skill is in exploring this theme, while making the outcome of the story seem anything but fixed. He directs our responses and controls the narrative situation,3 so that we are in const ant anticipation. unitary scene in particular strikes me as a powerful fashion model of Chaucers ability to evoke this feeling of uncertainty and infinite possibility all of a sudden coalescing into the next inevitable movement of the plot. In a relatively hornswoggle passage in prevail II (lines 876-931) Criseyde makes the symbolic decision to love, despite her concerns about the power games involved with true or courtly love. She wex somwhat able to converte4 her fears into love of Troilus. This scene is made up of what appears to be a guileless convergence of four important elements Antigones song of true love, and her certain and convince belief in true love (as opposed to mere warmness - hoot... ...Cambridge University Press, 1986) pp. 213-226. This from p. 213. 4. Benson, Book II, 903, p.501. 5. Benson, Book II, 892, p.501. 6. David Aers, Criseyde Woman in Medieval Society, The Chaucer survey 13 (3) (1979), 177-200. This from p. 180. 7. Benson, Book II, 872, p. 501. 8. Benson, Book II, 874-875, p. 501. 9. Benson, Book II, 887, p.501. 10. Benson, Book II, 891, p. 501. 11. Benson, Book II, 894, p. 501. 12. Benson, Book II, 922, p. 502. 13. Aers, p. 186. 14. Benson, Book II, 922, p.502. 15. Benson, Book II, 930, p. 502. 16. Eugene Vance, Mervelous Signals Poetics, Sign Theory, and Politics in Chaucers Troilus, New literary History 10 (1979), 293-337. This from p. 328. 17. Aers, p. 180. 18. Aers, p. 181. 19. Benson, Book II, 903, p. 501. 20. Benson, Book II, 890-891, p.501.

A Review of the Beck Youth Inventories for Children and Adolescents Es

The Beck Youth enumeration audition was developed in 2001 by Judith Beck, Aaron Beck, John Jolly, and Robert Steer. The purpose of this psychological proveing tool is a brief self-report to measure the distress in children and adolescents (Flanagan & Henington, 2005). The Beck Youth memorandum includes using five self-administered scales. The five tests include the Beck effect Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Anger Inventory, Beck Disruptive Inventory, and the Beck Self-Concept Inventory. These tests can be administered individually or in combination to the youth. The intended population for this test is ages 7-14 years (Flanagan & Henington, 2005). This test is used to assess symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, disruptive behavior, and self esteem (Beck, 2001).The Beck Depression Inventory measures depression criteria as evidenced in the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of arms of moral infirmitys Fourth Edition (Flanagan & Henington, 2005). The Beck Anxiet y Inventory assesses childhood fears related to to health and school (Flanagan & Henington, 2005). The Beck Anger Inventory appraises the individuals sagacity of mistreatment, negative thoughts, and physiological arousal (Flanagan & Henington, 2005). The Beck Disruptive Behavior Inventory measures behaviors and attitudes related to oppositional and defiant behavior (Flanagan & Henington, 2005). This is consistently seen in youth diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder. Lastly, the Beck Self-Concept Inventory assesses feelings of self-worth and competence (Flanagan & Henington, 2005). The theory of the Beck Youth Inventory Test was derived from the adult Beck Scales (Beck, 2001). The authors of this testing instrument saw a need for this... ...ne nevertheless individually in order to encourage honest responses and not befuddle any peer influences (Flanagan & Henington, 2005). Overall, the Beck Youth Inventory is a useful tool, entirely should b e used in conjunction with other assessment instruments. ReferencesBeck, J. (2001, November). new(a) Scales for Children The Beck Youth Inventory. The Beck Institute, 1-5. Copyright 1999-2007. www.beckinstitute.orgBeck, J. (2001). Beck Youth Inventories for Children and Adolescents (2nd ed.). PsychCorp Harcourt Assessment, Inc.Flanagan, R., & Henington, C. (2005). Review of the Beck Youth Inventories for Children and Adolescents Second Edition. Mental Measurements Yearbook, 18, 18123501Trochim, W. (2006). Reliability and Validity Whats the Difference?. Retrieved February 8, 2010, from http//socialresearch methods.net/tutorial/Colosi/lcolosi2.htm

What Price Freedom? :: American America History

What value Freedom?No country allows as much personal freedoms exchangeable the linked States of America. The Supreme Court has passed laws which allow more freedom of structure than ever before. By hearing this, you may think that every wizard is happy in the U.S. Well, a lot are, but to gain these freedoms, there was once a price to pay. Several people have been beaten, verbally assaulted, and killed for others to gain freedom that they deserve. I ask At what price should freedom come? In December or 1965, in Des Moines, Iowa, a 15 category old girl and her brother wore black armbands to protest the Vietnam War. The Principal thus decided that no student should be allowed to do such demonstrations, and by and by a warning, he suspended anyone wearing the bands. Later that twenty-four hours both(prenominal) wearers of the bands were suspended until January. The 2 students too it to federal court where they said that they had the make up to wear the bands under the beginn ing(a) Amendment right. They ended up loosing because the armbands would disturb trail discipline. About 4 years later, the decision was changed in elevate of the students. Soon after, in the 1970s, more and more court battles about the First Amendment appeared. Without the help of the 2 students getting suspended, the First Amendment may have unflustered been limited. Ever since dated history in the U.S. has begun, slavery had always gone(a) on. Africans were forced to do the work and labor of the Americans. black females were forced to do work in the kitchen such as cook and clean the house. Black men worked in the farm, picking cotton, and loading wagons with the crops. Slaves were often beaten by their owners and slave traders. Some were killed or mutilated for doing a wrong form of address such as learning to read. If the slaves tried to escape from their home to the north, they would be beaten and brought back immediately. The blacks coming from Africa had to rights what soever. Slavery went on in the United States until the mid 1800s. The Emancipation Proclamation, which was issued in 1863 made slavery illegal in all the states in the U.S. It took the hard work and determination that one day the blacks of America would be free. A severe price of freedom, but one that stands out and may be worth while.

Anthem :: essays research papers

Removing the Stains From participationThe worlds creatures have always yearned for a limited peace that would allow all to become equal. This peace whitethorn commence about a utopian world but reality may strike and send a message of what life is really about. few may think of life as a time to wee justice and equality amongst all distillery, some others think of life as a time to become a higher more authoritative soulfulness that the rest of the world. The Residential Community at Beacon heap Friends foretoken provides the sort of utopian community that many imagine achieving. Everything is equal in a small world like this starting from the management of forage to the use of the VCR. The Residential Community at Beacon Hill Friends suffer has set a realistic utopian society and has not yet corrupted the uniqueness of justice and equality amongst the residents as in Anthem. A utopian society is a form of society in which on that point is only equality and justice fo r all. Many utopian societies are form for means of shelter to those who form similar opinions of how the world should work, some for educational purposes and others for a spiritual communion. The Residential Community at Beacon Hill Friends House was formed To advance and foster the distinctive principles of the Religious purchase order of Friends, to provide opportunities for the development of leadership for the Society, and especially to establish and maintain a center where members of the Society and persons sympathetic to its principles, including those pursuing programs of study at other educational institutions, whether undergraduate, graduate, or special, may meet together, and where such persons may live, and where the principles of the Society may be advanced and fostered by study and example. This society is still successful in its mission to provide what has been stated. This community is still return and willing to accept any applicant. There are many elements that are required to maintain a utopian society such as equal chores of an everyday household. There are responsibilities of every resident from formulation food to keeping the house clean. These chores have to be just other than the purpose of the utopian society is corrupted. All residents have the same skilful as any other member of the society yet there are some rules that are to be followed to help maintain the community. This is when a form of self-government comes into action.

Holdens Cry for Help in The Catcher in the Rye :: Essays Papers

Holdens Cry for Help in The Catcher in the RyeCatcher in the Rye is a mingled entertain about a young man going through, what appears to be a nervous break down. This is a book about the sons negative self-talk, horrible outlook on life, and a life itself that seems to hold in swirling down the toilet. He keeps trying to fill his life with something, but the human race of it is he doesnt exactly now what he needs. Its complicated to understand at parts, because all he does is think of things in the flog possible conditions.Holden is the main character of the book. He is a complicated boy how seems to get thrown out of boarding schools left and right. He is incessantly thinking about depressive thoughts of his past, like multiplication he was with his brother, who is dead. His thoughts of his brother claim serious rage for some reason. In one instance he tells about the day after his brothers death, and Holden was filled with such anger and loneliness, he punched through all th e glass room accesss in his garage. This required him to go to the hospital, and unfortunately his stay at the hospital forced him to miss his brothers funeral. He as well as keeps thinking about his old girl friend Jane. Holden is reminded of past times with her, where her father upset her, and Holden was the only one there to console her. So with that in mind, he thinks he still may have a place with her, and Holden believes that all his happiness will rest with her. Holden is just a guy who is searching for something to get him out of his depression, but he has no idea what it is, and above all how to get it.The one thing that stands in the way of what Holden needs is himself. He continues to cut himself off from everything he had at a time loved. His negative self will not let him get determination to anyone else, while trying to get distant from those he once was keep mum with. Holden never looks to the positive side of anything. He is just stuck in a deep hole and he cant find a way out. Whenever Holden believes that he has found something that could help him, he himself some how shuts the door to his own happiness.Pond of which Holden keeps referring to is a very important.

A Comparison of the Weavers of Peace in Beowulf and Grendel :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Weavers of Peace in Beowulf and Grendel       sissy Wealhtheow and Queen Hygd work ond as excellent graphic symbol models for the courts in which they served. They exemplified the mannerisms and etiquette of the noble people. Queen Wealhtheow showed excellent poise from the very stolon of both texts. She was admirable as she passed the mead manger around Heorot. The offering of the bowl was symbolic, being that the bowl was first given to Hrothgar and then passed to Beowulf, as if she presented him with her trust. Beowulf gave Wealhtheow his check that he would be successful or die in battle. afterward she presented Hrothgar and Beowulf with the mead bowl she served the Scyldings, and did so as if they were her own people. She was not a Scylding, nor did she entrust to be one, but she never made her unhappiness known, as expound in Grendel. There is not great detail on Queen Hygd in Grendel, but from what the reader can gather from Beowulf, she is as of ten of a female agency model as Queen Wealhtheow. She was progeny but very intelligent. In fact queer Hygelac felt frighten by Hygds intelligence.             In both texts, Beowulf and Grendel, the main purpose of the promote are to serve the courts as weaver finchs of wild pansy. In Grendel, however, Queen Wealththeow is described in much greater detail and serves a further purpose. The reader gains perceptivity to a part Grendel that is not present in Beowulf, his desire for a human. For even though in Beowulf and Grendel, the main purpose of the queens is to serve the courts as weavers of peace, the queens also serve other purposes as role models, preservers of their kingdoms, emotional beings, mother figures and objects of beauty and lust. It was not unusual for women to be offered as tokens of peace within the noble courts. In the novel Grendel, Wealhtheows brother, King of the Helmings, bestowed her to King Hrothgar to promo te peace amongst the Helmings and Scyldings. She had given, her life for those she loved. So would any simpering, eyelash batting female in her court, given the proper setup, the minimal conditions(Grendel 102). It is ironic how she promoted peace from her arrival because she was an essential part in keeping peace, as the weaver of peace in both texts. Queen Wealhtheow however is not the hardly woman in the texts that was forsaken to encourage appeasement among feuding courts.

Societial Changes in the Middle East in 600 B.C.E. :: Politics, world history, Mesopotamia

From the cartridge holder of the Agricultural revolution till 600 B.C.E, many an(prenominal) changes were being made in society. New tools and weapons were developed, new types of writing, and new nontextual matter forms were all being discovered and altered. But one(a) societal ingredient that is crucial to e actuallyone is politics. The politics of a society effect the citizens twenty-four hour period to day lives, and set boundries for all people. Between the time of the Agricultural Revolution and 600 B.C.E, the shopping centre East experienced political changes such as the dimensions of government, and the land that was conquered and controlled. The one thing during this time that did remain unchanged, for the around part, were the political leaders of the time period. In Mesopotamia priests were held to a high standard and had a lot of political and economical involvement. As the city-states in Mesopotamia advanced so did the interaction with unalike empires. Also as t he involvement grew so did the civilians quality of life, even for the slaves. lastly Mesopotamia get out up into a north and south region. The region split up due to political and economic reasons. The North was ruled by the Assyria and the south was ruled by Hammurabi. The heightened economic time continued, scarcely it was shortsighted lived after the conflict in Anatolia in 1200 B.C.E. the Mesopotamia economy collapsed and they then had a time of poverty and struggle.Assyrian rule lasted from 911 to 612 B.C.E in the northern Mesopotamia region. It is considered by most historians as the first empire. The expansion of Assyrian took place along major hatful routes which gave them a stable economy. As the expansion continued policies were put in place to support and benefit the upper classes of society. Later the empire began to shine because of the hatred it received from its conquered people, and the empires existence became less and less loyal to its rulers.During 2000 B.C. E the Israelites populates an field of battle located at cross roads of trade routes. Their petite population inhabited a diminutive territory that was deprived of natural resources, but they were nestled at a cross road of trade routes which was very beneficial for their economy.

Writing Technology :: Writing Technology Technological Papers

Writing engineeringHow many times in an average day does one think of about how their shoes were made, and how the invention has evolved over the years? A soulfulness could never recognize the full extent of it until they tried to make a pair with only the simplest of materials to use. It is so easy to say that society does non know what they collect until it is gone. For this project every tool that I have ever employ for writing was taken away, and it left me more than a little frustrated. It is so hard to think about going by a day without a pen, pencil, or marker to use at will. These things have become as standard as the shoes we break away on our feet. Society knows why it has them, but they do non know to what extent until they are taken away or simplified beyond recognition.There is so much thought that has to go into fashioning something to make unnecessary with. Ideas can become so complex and intricate. Most of the ideas that I came up with were just too much i n the sense that I was making it harder than it needed to be. Being that I am an impatient person, I was feel for something that I could do pretty quickly. I started to look at what was functional to me, and I realized that hey I live in Michigan at that place are a lot of rocks around. I did not want to lobworm a bunch of huge, heavy things around, and so I focused on the smaller pebbles and stones instead. I found a sandy area mean to where I found the rocks, and shaped small piles of them into letters.This idea was a decent one by my standards, and it was legible when it was completed. I formed the joint rock with the stones. Toward the end I did get lazy though and used twigs I found for the last letter. Upon finishing, I realized the final termination would last for a while, but it is not transportable. This could be a task in a more realistic setting. I can not imagine taking notes in class with stones and having to leave it there. This would make perusal nearly impos sible. After contemplating this for a while I came up with a plan of attack. Many ideas that have come about in the technology of writing have built on other ideas (Baron, Dennis, 36).