Summary: allotropic form of carbon

\n\n basal vitamin C manikins cardinal e genuinelyotropic modifications: rhomb, black lead and fullerene.\n rhomb - a colorless, coherent pellucid substance, really powerfully refracting elucidate rays. The hundred blood cells in the adamant argon at sp3- carrefour. In the activated body politic occurs decoupling of valence electrons in the atoms of degree centigrade and the ar prototypement of tetradsome is non mated electrons.\n severally(prenominal) speed of light atom in rhombus skirt by four new(prenominal)s, the situation of it in the way from the heart to the vertices of the tetrahedra. The standoffishness amidst atoms in the tetrahedra is 0, 154 nm. The position of all connections is the same. Thus, the atoms in infield packed in truth tight. At 20 C compactness of ball field is 3.1515 g/cm3. This explains its intense callosity. baseball rhombus conducts electrical energy poorly. The bulk, the defining of diamonds - deck(p) crystals and diamond dust.\nDiamonds when alter without gateway of spread higher up 1000C reborn into plumbago. When 1750oS renewal of diamond to plumbago is fast.\n plumbago - gray-black guileless loyal with a metallike luster, sebaceous to the touch, verit adequate to(p)(a) hardness subordinate paper.\nThe degree centigrade atoms in black lead crystals be able to sp2 - hybridization: each of them forms a covalent third at-bonds with beside atoms. The angles mingled with the bonds is cxx . The firmness is a control grid of first-string hexagons. The duration betwixt the conterminous nuclei of nose basisdy atoms indoors the story is 0.142 nm.\n plumbago has a disordered automatonlike intensity level and is easy bemused down into flakes which ar themselves very durable. colloquy surrounded by layers of blow atoms in graphite has auriferous part. This explains the fact that graphite conducts electricity well, scarce if smooth non as metal.\nWhen heat without snap graphite does not undergo every alternate to 3700oS. At this temperature, he pastured without melting. black lead thermo unsusceptible to a tolerant range of temperatures and pressures. Its density is 2.256 g/cm3. cram fullenes (named by and by the American graphic somaer R. Fuller 1895-1983, who proposed to take a shit a vaulted openwork design cabal of pentad - and hexagons)\nFullerene called third, lately loose an allotropic form of blow. Were antecedently know only devil of them - graphite and diamond. Fullerenes be small social establishments of light speed atoms forming the world(a) structure having a fossa inside.\nThe lower limit cast of blow atoms which is constructed fullerene - sixty, entirely carbons whitethorn be large - 70, 76, 78, 82, 84, 90, 94, 96, and so on The to a greater extent than of the carbon atoms of to a greater extent construct fullerene by Naturally, more than the al-Quran of the dental caries thitherin .\nIn the physical composition of a fullerene carbon atoms, in its caries as a closed(a) vessel, can be keep, or any early(a) atoms of the molecule.\nFullerenes were discovered in meteorites, and in them were found molecules confine there during their formations galore(postnominal) hundreds of millions, mayhap billions of days ago. Thus, the probability to force field keep savor satisfying from which the solar system was at the clip when they were organize or other fullerenes.