Characteristics of Developing Countries Essay

Characteristics of Developing Countries BY Hafeez260 The theme of this essay is the importance of a analyze of other semi- substantial countries as they struggle for economic growth, the elimination of mass poverty and, at the governmental level, for democratisation and the reduction of reliance on coercion. New countries argon conclusion their voices in all sorts of ways and are managing to interest an inter field audience. randomness Africa is not least among them contemporary international consciousness of the travail of our fussy path towards modernity testifies at least to a considerable national talent for dramatic ommunication and (for those who care to look more deeply) a uttermost from extinct tradition of moral conscientiousness. One aspect of this flowering is a rapidly growing crop of social scientific studies of semi-developed countries of which this university is fortunate to seduce a substantial collection, contained mainly in the library of Jan Smuts House.From this literature, one(a) bum extract five themes of particular interest. The first is the problem of nettle nearly development and effective national unification, especially in deeply split societies. Capitalist development has mpinged on semi-developed countries from outside quite than transforming slowly from within, incorporating antithetical groups in different ways. Particular problems countermand when differential incorporation coincides in substantial measure with boundaries between ethnic groups.If Donald Horowitzs remarkable study of ethnic groups in conflict is right, more energy goes into attempting to maximise differences in the welfare of in groups and out groups than into maximising their Joint welfare, with adverse backwashs for the possibilities of expression the national political and economic institutions required for development. Gordon Tullock has argued that this is an additional reason for preferring market-based rather than state-led economic growth i n deeply divided societies. In itself it is, and the secondary effects of different paths on distri onlyion have to be taken into account.In so far as they lead to declivity differentials between groups, the possibility of heightened conflict is created. The only long-term hope is to even off ethnic boundaries less salient the happiest outcome would seem to be when ethnicity gets ornamental in a high income economic environment. This is likely to be the operate on of decades, perhaps of enturies even so, appalling retrogressions always seem to remain possible. The consequence of deep divisions is that there is likely to exist an unusually large modus operandi of prisoners dilemma situations. The prisoners dilemma a scrape ups when partners in crime are apprehended and held separately. The prisoners will be Jointly unwrap off if they do not inform on each other, but each prisoner will be better off if he informs on the other, while the other does not inform on him. Attempts a t individual maximisation may lead to both prisoners informing on each other which leads to the orst Joint outcome. The dilemma arises because of the absence of the opportunity for co-operation. ) down the stairs such conditions, negotiation skills are at a premium.There are also advantages in the acceptance of a deontological liberal philosophy which (in the shorthand of political philosophers) places the right over the good. This involves seeking to regulate social cuding by Just procedures while leaving individuals as free as possible to pursue their own, diverse conceptions of the good life. Such an attention should be paid simultaneously to the reduction of poverty. The analytical Marxist, Adam Przeworski has analysed analogous problems which arise in the case of severe class conflict.In his view, social democratic compromises are held together by virtue of the propensity of capitalists to reinvest part of their net profit with the effect of increasing worker incomes in t he future. Class compromise is do possible by two simultaneous expectations workers expect that their incomes will rise over time, while capitalists expect to be able to devote some of their profits to consumption. In conditions of severe class conflict, these expectations about the future become ncertain, time horizons shorten, workers become militant, capitalists disinvest and political instability results.Three forms of closure are available stabilising external intervention, negotiation or renegotiation of a social contract or the strengthening of the position of one or other class by a shift towards conservatism or revolution. Przeworskis sternest warnings are to Marxists who assume that revolution and the introduction of socialism is the indispensable outcome of a crisis. The second theme in the literature on semi-developed countries has to do with their position within the world economy. Three related sub-themes can be identified.Firstly, there has been a debate about the forms and limits of the diffusion of industrialisation. dependency theory now somewhat out of fashion, since its predictions of severe limitations on industrialisation in developing countries have been falsified asserted that relationships between developing and developed countries are such as to keep the latter in changeless economic subordination. The contrary thesis that advanced industrial countries have had to deal with increased competition arising from quite widespread diffusion now seems more plausible.