1920’s Automobiles Essay

Automobiles ar one of the most prominent constructs of all time created. The automobile industry rapidly grew through the 1920s. enthalpy Fords invention of the Model-T in 1903 skyrocketed the popularity of the automobile. Fords invention of the fiction occupancy allowed the production of automobiles to increase rapidly. The assembly bank bill allowed the automobile to be low-priced for every American. Automobiles changed the way people traveled and lived. Without cars we would not have drive-ins, drive-thru, or unwavering food restaurants. People have come to depend on their cars for earning a living, or traveling to their dream vacation spot.Cars became inexpensive, and very abstemious to make. In the 1920s, the automobile industry started a revolution that we continue to retard today. In 1913 Henry Ford invented and installed the first conveyor belt assembly line in his car plant in Michigan. The assembly line reduced the cost of production for cars by decreasing the ass embly time. Henry Fords goal was a low priced car that many another(prenominal) people in all walks of life could afford. The assembly line could get a car in an hour and half . The cost of a car decreased to 400$ the lowest price of any do ever sold.He sold over 15 million cars and the hightail it between Ford and GM began. customary Motors Company was formed and founded by William C. Durant in 1908 . GM was the major competitor for Ford. The President of GM Alfred Sloan began realizing that they had and payoff over Ford Motor Company. Ford only had one eubstance style car. GM had several different varieties of cars. GM began making four, six, and eight-spot cylinder cars. GM started doing inventory control, and discontinued any line cars that were not popular with consumers. GM began making annual model changes and began advertising.GM was equal to defeat Ford Motor companionship due to the changes that Sloan had made. In 1921 General Motors sold over 457,000 cars and pr ofited over 61 million. A group of companies that integrated into what is now known as Chrysler became the next competitor. Chrysler Corporation new that they did not have the manufacturing resources to build a low priced car, and did not have the financial resourses to build a new plant. The solution came when Dodge Brothers Manufacturing Company was ready on the market. The Dodge Brothers had become victims of the Influenza epidemic. The heirs decided to sell the company.Chrysler purchased the company which had the resources they needed. The Dodge sales organization was considered to be one of the best in the country. With all the resources that Chrysler acquired they were able to develop the Plymouth in 1928. Chrysler then became the developing bodily structure in America . GM and Ford began establishing manufacturing plants in Europe and passim the world. Automobile manufacturing was the largest in the country. The employment in automobile factories was 250 million in 1922 and in excess of 400 million in 1929 the amount of compensable wages doubled from 400 million to 800 million.Before automobiles we had horses. Horses travel on dirt and grass. Automobiles travel on lanes. The automobile also led to highway construction, gas services, and repair. These industries employed about the 1,2 million people. In The motor fomite also increased the sale of rubber, steel, glass, and petroleum products. The total effect of the invention of the Motor Vehicle on American life has yet to be measured. The invention of the automobile gave America superiority. Today 41 million vehicles are produced every year. Gasoline shortages, and car wrecks will always be a factor.The automobile industry improved social status, and increased your financial status. Americans were accustomed the means to travel farther, faster, and more freely. Americans can travel to their favorite fast food restaurant, favorite park, favorite beach, and still have time to go to work.Works cite d Gourley, Catherine. Wheels Of Time A Biography Of Henry Ford. N. p. Millbrook Press, 1997. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 21 Apr. 2013. American AutoIndustry in the 1920s. Articlesbase. com. Articlesbase. com, 5 Oct. 2009. Web. 21 Apr. 2013.

Bom Paper

student IDENTIFICATION NO MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY SECOND TRIMESTER final examination EXAMINATION, 2009/2010 SESSION BOM 2O64 reference AND trading operations MANAGEMENT (All Sections / Groups) declination 2009 a. m. a. m. (2 Hours) INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENT 1. This Question paper consists of 9 knaves with TWO SECTIONS. 2. Attempt ALL questions in Section A and B. The marks for each question are given. 3. issue Section A in the OMR Form nominated, and answer Section B in the Answer Booklet cand. BOM 2064 tincture AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT celestial latitude 2009 SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section. 40 Marks) 1. Manufacturing devise sent to other countries is c wholeed __________________. A) downsized B) outsourced C) internationalization D) vertical integration E) entrepreneurial send off 2. Production systems with customized outputs typic wholey have relatively ____________. A) high volumes of output B) utter social unit costs C) high amount of specialized eq uipment D) fast ca put on movement E) skilled proletarians 3. Which of the future(a) is non emphasized in a lean payoff system? A) falling prices B) high graphic symbol C) worker involvement D) continual mendment E) customer satisfaction 4.Which of the succeeding(a) is non a bene check up on of apply baby-sits in decision making? A) They provide a standardized format for analyzing a problem. B) They serve as a consistent tool for evaluation. C) They are easy to use and slight dearly-won than dealing with the actual situation. D) All of the to a higher place are benefits. E) N angiotensin-converting enzyme of the preceding(prenominal) is a benefit. 5. Which of the fol starting clock timeing is not an ongoing trend in manufacturing argument? A) orbiculateization B) quality returns C) flexibility and agility D) mass outturn for economies of scale E) technological advances . Product design and choice of location are examples of ______________ decisions. A) strategic B) tactical C) operational D) customer foc employ E) design move TPK page 1 of 9 BOM 2064 QUALITY AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT declination 2009 7. A productivity increase in one operation that doesnt improve overall productivity of the business isnt__________________. A) effective B) businesslike C) politically justified D) productive E) financially justified 8. Which of the by-line is authentic? A) integrated schema is shaped by functional strategies.B) Corporate explosive charge is shaped by corporate dodging. C) Functional strategies are shaped by corporate strategy. D) External conditions are shaped by corporate mission. E) Corporate mission is shaped by functional strategies. 9. The external elements of SWOT compend are ___________________. A) strengths and weaknesses B) strengths and threats C) opportunities and threats D) weaknesses and opportunities E) strengths and opportunities 10. For an organization to grow their market share, they must _______________.A) advertis e using multi-media B) lower their prices C) meet minimum standards of acceptability for their products or table processs D) ready an internet website E) broaden their mission statement 11. A disadvantage of global teams for product design is that_______________. A) Customers whitethorn have different holds in different countries B) The product designed may have increased marketability and public utility partnership C) The diversity of an international team may be a distress D) Ease of face to face meetings is absent since members are located everywhere E) Technology allows constant contact with team members 12. One step that isnt part of service lueprinting is _______________. A) Eliminate boundaries for the service and decide on the level of interaction needed B) Identify and determine the sequence of customer and service actions and interactions C) Develop snip estimates for each phase of the process D) Understand the time variability involved E) Identify potential failur e purports and develop a plan to minimize them continue TPK page 2 of 9 BOM 2064 QUALITY AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT declination 2009 13. The process of dismantling and inspecting a competitors untested or revised product for the purpose of gleaning design ideas is called ____________________.A) design by imitation B) product analysis C) reverse engineering D) benchmarking E) disassembly 14. Which of the quest is an issue that designers must take into account in product and service design? A) legal, environmental, and ethical issues B) reliability C) standardization D) range of operating conditions E) all of the above 15. A formal way to document customer requirements is __________________. A) consumer surveys B) quality function deployment (QFD) C) focus groups D) Delphi technique E) sales/marketing matrix 16. Which of the following is not a goal of supply chain management?A) less suppliers and long-term relationship B) small potentiometer sizes C) on time deliveries D) termin al possible transportation costs E) delivery often to the place of use 17. Vendor analysis has the greatest potential for savings for items which have ____________________. A) low cost per unit B) low annual cost-volume C) high cost per unit D) high annual usage E) high annual cost-volume move TPK page 3 of 9 BOM 2064 QUALITY AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT DECEMBER 2009 18. Which of the following is not true of trafficker analysis? A) It involves an examination of the function of purchased separate or raw materials.B) Its purpose is to disgrace costs and/or improve performance of purchased goods or services. C) It is usually performed only hebdomadaryally. D) Representatives from design and operations may work with purchasing. E) If improvements are identified, purchasing implements those that purchasing agrees are justified. 19. Which of the following would not usually be a main factor in selecting a vendor? A) location B) price C) quality D) inventory turnover E) vendor services 20 . Which of the following is part of the purchasing cycle? (I) Purchasing selects a supplier. II) Orders from vendors are received. ( trine) Purchasing receives a requisition. A) B) C) D) E) II and III I, II, and III I only I and II I and III 21. An operations strategy for inventory management should work towards _________. A) increasing lot sizes B) decreasing lot sizes C) increasing safety stocks D) decreasing service levels E) increasing order quantities 22. Which one of the following is not generally a determinant of the reorder point? A) rate of demand B) length of lead time C) lead time variability D) stockout risk E) purchase costContinued TPK page 4 of 9 BOM 2064 QUALITY AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT DECEMBER 2009 23. The fixed order interval object lesson would be most likely to be used for this situation A) A company has switched from mass production to lean production. B) Production is done in batches. C) Spare parts are ordered when a new utensil is purchased. D) Grouping o rders can save shipping costs. E) none of these 24. All of the following are possible reasons for using the fixed order interval model except ___________________. A) Supplier policy encourages use.B) Grouping orders can save in shipping costs. C) The required safety stock is lower than with an EOQ/ROP model. D) It is suited to periodic checks of inventory levels rather than continuous monitoring. E) Continuous monitoring is not practical. 25. The need for safety stocks can be reduced by an operations strategy which A) increases lead time B) increases lead time variability C) increases lot sizes D) decreases parliamentary procedure costs E) decreases lead time variability 26. The comprehensive approach used in JIT systems to deal with quality includes ________________.A) designing quality into products and processes B) insisting vendors provide high quality materials C) making workers responsible for producing high quality D) A, B and C E) 100% inspection of raw materials, work-in- process and finished goods 27. Which of the following is not a benefit of small lot sizes in JIT systems? A) In-process inventory is intimately less. B) Each product is produced less frequently. C) Carrying costs are reduced. D) There is less clutter in the workplace. E) Inspection and rework costs are less. Continued TPK page 5 of 9 BOM 2064 QUALITY AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT DECEMBER 2009 28.Which of the following is not characteristic of preventive maintenance in JIT systems? A) maintaining equipment in good operating condition B) replacing parts when they are fatigued but before they fail C) workers maintaining their own equipment D) eliminating supplies of spare parts to reduce capital investment E) perceiving breakdowns as an opportunity for improvement 29. The Kaizen Philosophy applies to _______________. A) Employee learning B) Safety stock C) Waste D) Supply Chain Management E) MRP III 30. An operations strategy toward the JIT philosophy of production should recognize tha t JIT __________________.A) is most suited for non-repetitive manufacturing B) cannot be implemented sequentially C) requires a wholesale commitment from the offset D) may provide a competitive advantage E) all of the above SECTION B Essay and Calculation Questions Answer ALL trio questions. (60 Marks) QUESTION 1 The general manager of a building materials production plant feels that the demand for plasterboard shipments may be related to the descend of construction permits issued in the country during the previous quarter. The manager has collected the entropy shown in display panel 1. 1. a) Review the scatter diagram (Figure 1. ) to see whether the info can be satisfactorily described by a unidimensional equation. b) Determine the linear regression equation for the data 2 marks 15 marks c) Determine a point estimate for plasterboard shipments when the number of construction permits is 30. 3 marks append Marks = 20 Continued TPK page 6 of 9 BOM 2064 QUALITY AND OPERATIONS M ANAGEMENT DECEMBER 2009 Table 1. 1 Construction Permits (X) 15 9 40 20 25 25 15 35 Plasterboard Shipments (Y) Shipments Y 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Permits X 6 4 16 6 13 9 10 16 igure 1. 1 QUESTION 2 a) What are the principles underlying TQM? 10 marks b) Discuss the long-run effects of quality improvement on a firms profitability. 10 marks Total marks = 20 QUESTION 3 The Goliaq Tool company produces trickery ring bearings, which look like flat doughnuts or washers. They fit around shafts or rods, such as drive shafts in machinery or motors. At an early stage in the production process for a particular slip ring bearing, the outside diameter of the bearing is measured. The company has taken 10 specimens (during a 10 day period) of 5 slip ring bearings (i. e. , n = 5) and measured the diameter of the bearing.The individual observations from each sample are shown as follows TPK page 7 of 9 BOM 2064 QUALITY AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT DECEMBER 2009 Continued Sample k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 5. 02 5. 01 4. 99 5. 03 4. 95 4. 97 5. 05 5. 09 5. 14 5. 01 Observations (Slip evade Diameter, cm) 2 3 4 5. 01 4. 94 4. 99 5. 03 5. 07 4. 95 5. 00 4. 93 4. 92 4. 91 5. 01 4. 98 4. 92 5. 03 5. 05 5. 06 5. 06 4. 96 5. 01 5. 10 4. 96 5. 10 5. 00 4. 99 5. 10 4. 99 5. 08 4. 98 5. 08 5. 07 5 4. 96 4. 96 4. 99 4. 89 5. 01 5. 03 4. 99 5. 08 5. 09 4. 99 6 marks 10 marks 4 marks a) Determine all sample means and the mean of all sample means. ) Calculate stop number and lower control limits. c) Is this process in control? Total marks = 20 applicable Equations 1) CL = X UCL, LCL (X bar) = X ? A2 R UCL ( R) = D4 R LCL ( R) = D3 R Table for X bar & R Charts No of Observation In gunman group n 2 3 4 5 6 2) UCL ? = c + 3v c LCL ? = c 3v c Continued TPK page 8 of 9 A2 1. 88 1. 02 0. 73 0. 58 0. 48 D3 0 0 0 0 0 D4 3. 27 2. 57 2. 28 2. 11 2 BOM 2064 QUALITY AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT DECEMBER 2009 3) p = Total No of Defective from All Samples/ (No of Samples X Sample Size ) Sp = v p (1 p )/n CL = p LCL = p 3 Sp UCL = p + 3 Sp ) Capacity Utilization = Capacity Used / Best Operating direct 5) r ? n ? XY ? X ? Y ? ?n ? X 2 ? X ? 2 ? ?n ? Y 2 ? Y ? 2 ? ? ? ? ? a ? Y ? bX b= ? XY ? n X Y ? X 2 ? nX 2 6) Exponential smoothing Forecast for the month t Ft = Ft 1 + ? (At 1 Ft 1) 7) Exponential smoothing with trend readjustment Forecast for the month t Ft = ? (At 1) + (1 ? )(Ft 1 + Tt 1) snub for the month t Tt = ? (Ft Ft 1) + (1 ? )Tt 1 FIT = Ft + Tt 8) Inventory Management EOQ = Q * ? 2 DS H 2 DS H p p ? u TC ? Q D H? S 2 Q EPQ = Q0 ? I max ? Q ( p ? u) P TC= I m ax D H? S 2 Q End of Page TPK page 9 of 9

Proper Conduct in a Classroom Essay

Being celebrateful in class is meaning(a) to the social structure of the educational environment. Without a certain degree of respect it would distract a lot of our valuable attention, and direct it a steering from our periodical learning. This greatly would hinder our learning abilities and minimizes our educational benefits. The dilemma that we face is that a lot of student to not know how to present the puritanical behavior in class. The good thing is good classroom educate is an intimately obtainable skill, but a perishable skill as swell up before we learn how to demonstrate good classroom behavior we essential first learn the benefits of good behavior. Disrespect in class causes massacre and disorderliness.For instance If bingle were to speak out of twisting not whole would it upset the follow class mate because they did not get a comely chance to speak, but it would give the impression that other commonwealth can speak out of turn as well. If ever one spoke out o f turn there would be no way to accomplish any thing. There will be as well umpteen interruptions, and some students will miss the opportunity to express their ideas. Respecting other and proper educate is the only way to keep order in the classroom.So how do we establish order in the learning environment? It is too simple. It is vital to speak when called upon, so students can get a fair chance to express their ideas, and solution. Plus this helps to alleviate distracts and annoyances. Talking out of turn is not the only distraction. Students should not get up, or leave on their own accord as well. However it is acceptable to ask to be excused.It is also important to be mindful of other pupils thoughts, ideas, emotions, and feeling. Spite, and animosity just agitates the concept of learning. Students should give each other plastic criticism, and listen to each others thoughts. It is also important to address the instructor by title (Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss., Dr., Prof., Sir, Maam.), and address all your comments, concerns, and questions towards the instructor in a polite manner.Respectful behavior in classrooms is easy. However just as easy as it is, it is even easier to forget to utilize this skill. One mustiness urinate a habit of being respectful. It is a system you must employ on a day-to-day basis. If followed the method and example of classroom educate I have previously displayed will help make a more relaxing, and less stressful learning environment.

How Important Is Postgraduate Education Education Essay

First, Jie Liu believes that it is critical for either potash alum schoolchild selling command supplier to earn the ternion features of a graduate bookman selling pupil which be motivations, asidelooks and readiness. Liu split the factors that may possibly actuate pupils to take postgraduate selling teaching method into intrinsic, extrinsic and calling related. In a interrogation executed by Liu where questionnaires were distributed to marketing pupils of four different British universities, the consequence depicted that what motivated pupils for marketing graduate student surveies were intrinsic and calling related factors. This factor that pupils chose the postgraduate selling computer programme at their ain pass on so that it could assist them construct a calling and add together them with greater chances. This is the terra firma why in that respect are legion international pupils in the get together Kingdom as several pupils from developing states such(prenom inal) as India and mainland China believe that analyzing abroad can assist them achieve suited occupations. It is promoting to continue that far more of the Chinese pupils, who allow invested so much in footings of household fundss and attempt to travel to the UK to analyze, were optimistic instead than pessimistic closely their calling chances ( Counsell 201171 ) . In respects to outlooks, Liu states that all pupils expected that they would be provided with suppositional every arcminute good as practical comprehension on the topic. Graduate student pupils have high outlooks that the programme will learn them a batch which will be of significance in their hereafter. Furthermore, Liu identifies the feature of readiness to be indispensable. Postgraduate pupils need to be vigilant, belongings an apprehension of the class and a series of accomplishments to assist them get by with their graduate student instruction. Liu so distinguished place and international pupils in respect s to preparedness after transporting out a farther analysis. The consequences showed that international pupils were less prepared than place pupils. There are assorted drive as to why an international pupil could be less prepared such as different larning techniques, trouble in understanding the linguistic communication, civilization daze and non being able to accommodate to the British environment. Therefore, Liu seeks to supply cognition about graduate student selling instruction in the unite Kingdom by mensurating the motivations, outlooks and readiness of graduate student selling pupils.Second, the phrase written by Liu has its ain strengths and failings. The extreme advantage of the article is that it focuses on a peculiar field which is postgraduate selling instruction. This could booster other selling research workers and leaders with their survey as in that respect are limited researches stressing on graduate student selling programme. In add-on, Liu succeeds in making an understanding about motivations, outlooks and readiness of graduate student selling pupils which would back up graduate student selling suppliers to plan their programme consequently. With these assets, the article does keep out defects every bit good. The research prepared by Liu where questionnaires were given out to marketing pupils of four British universities did lend accurate replies but there were restrictions. As stated in the article, the research was made utilizing the questionnaires returned by 90 five pupils which is comparatively a little figure for a research made for graduate student selling instruction and the four British universities surveyed were all set in a peculiar geographical country in the fall in Kingdom. Furthermore, Liu references that a individual quantitative method is used in informations aggregation and that there is no qualitative attack practised in the research. Even so, Liu points out differences between place and international pupils which co uld be imprecise as with such a little study it is non plausible to carry through a clear and broad image. Provision of higher instruction for international pupils has break an of import beginning of in diminish for Western universities and these pupils have attracted research attending ( Huang 20081003 ) . Therefore, flush with an copiousness of facts, the article seems uncomplete and lacks preciseness.Third, Liu decidedly recognises the turning importance of graduate student selling instruction and wants postgraduate selling pupils every bit good as the graduate student selling suppliers in the United Kingdom to profit from the programme. Since international pupils constitute bulk of the programme, Liu believes that these international pupils should have maximal advantage. Marketing instruction suppliers should be able to assist, back up, and understand international pupils so as to better the experience for pupils which would back up United Kingdom to keep onto its prima plac e in the instruction market globally. At a clip when higher instruction establishments are developing schemes to spread out the Numberss of graduate student pupils, placing the academic and social demands of full-time graduate student pupils is of paramount importance ( Humphrey and McCarthy, 1999371 ) .To reason, Liu mentions that international pupils come all the manner to the United Kingdom, paying a monolithic gist of fee, therefore, there money should be valued and they should be provided with a theoretical and practical cognition experience. This would present an advantage to the pupils and the instruction suppliers in the United Kingdom.

Equality Diversity And Inclusion Essay

Promote equating and inclusion in health, social c ar or childrens and fresh throngs setting 1 understand the importance of renewing, comparison and inclusion. 1.1 Explain what is meant by diversity, equality and inclusion.Diversity The concepts of diversity it embraces acceptance and respect it means understanding that each individual is polar and unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These rear be along the dimensions ofsee much justify how to promote anti-discriminatory pr numeralice in your work with pupils step on itEthnicityGender internal orientationSocio-economic jellmentAgePhysical abilitiesReligious beliefsPolitical beliefs diversity is about creating a fairer society where bothbody will be to participate and has an prospect to fulfil their electromotive force, individual and group diversity needs to be considered in order to ensure that allbodys needs and requirements are understood, and responded to e.g. development of flexibleness in working practices and services. Another example of diversity in a setting were you go through children of disparate culture, race or religion etc, is where by you teach and encour be on the children to respect and embrace differences from other people in a positive way regardless of how they look or talk, and you as a practitioner need to respect the children and their families as well of the different backgrounds.Equality in the workplace it takes on the same meaning as it does in your everyday life. It is defined as treating people the same as each other, regardless of their differences and to be held in the same esteem as someone else. An example is that men should not be paid more than women solely because they are male, or white people should not be paid more than no whites because of their race. The differences could go on because of different judgemental factors such(prenominal) as notbeing worthy as their counterparts in the workplace. comprehension the term inclusion means the act of including one another and no one is treat differently. Inclusion values diversity meaning no will be left out it also places individuals at the condense planning and support, the right of every child, infant or his/her family. Also their superpower to participate in a range of activities and contexts. The desired results of inclusive experiences for children or elderly with or without disabilities and their families include a sense of belonging.1.2 describe the potential effect of difference. at that place are different ways in which discrimination takes place these could beDirect discriminationIndirect discrimination developmentThere are also different bases of discrimination such asculturedisabilityagesocial classgender grammatical genderhealth statusfamily statusEvery one of these reasons of discrimination is employ by individuals and groups within society to exclude others from lifes chances. There are different effects on people depending why they are being discrimi nated against. People who are discriminated against can experience short or long term effects, in the short term effects people may feel anger and loss of their egoism. In the long-term effects they may be further reaching such as noisome employment prospects or a lack of motivation. The effects are and then to fold an effect on the individual themselves, and on their place and status as a whole. These affects have been recognised and there are forthwith a number of laws in place which deal with equal rights forevery one theres loads of different emotions people can feel if being discriminated against these could beScaredAnxiousLow self-esteemFeeling isolatedUpsetFeel like and outcast clinical depressionNervousLow confidencePassive or aggressive deportmentDisempowermentRestricted opportunities1.3 explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversityinclusive practice means to include people from all backgrounds, race and ethnicities and age etc therefore it su pports equality and diversity as it includes every one and treating them fairly. As everyone is included all people are equally level, with no model passed on because of their age, sex, race or sexual orientation etc, therefore this promotes equality. In the shimmy of providing health or social care to a person, every one receives the same care and treatment or in the case of employment/staff, decisions whether or not to employ/promote them based soley on their skills and ability to do their job. There are many laws in place to legislations in place so that service users and health care professionals, have basic guidelines that must be followed so that it promotes all three of equality, diversity and inclusion therefore every ones treated equally these legislations include sex discrimination actMental health actThe children actRace relations (amendment) actHuman rights actData protection actnursing and residential care homes regulations

Travel Writing

The reluctance to enter this climatic journey was brought upon the experiences of other riders. The facial expressions and comments I was percolateing as people exited the Mechanical Emotion Drawer was unbelievable. The excruciating offend being hidden behind anxiousness and expectation. Every small, timide step ship added to the suspense making me want to break free of my personal pride.The stock of my anxiety is in the U.S.A, where they are renowned for making the impossible, possible and reaching new heights in technology. Being a British Asiatic (Living in England) the creativity and imagination for producing the best inspires me, just equal what I was about to experience.As I looked into the skyline of this masterpiece park, one Godzilla like stature dominated my view. It stood tall, bright red in colour and possessive across this sea of other great participants. This added to my sense of fear and I began to realise that anticipation would soon turn into reality. As I qu eued impatiently along with four of my fearless cousins, constant screaming and shouting was heard. This was culmination above my head, as this piece of high-tech metal flew at a great pace.As I approached the end of my queue, clear, loud and precise book of instructions came from speakers beside me. Pregnant woman, people with heart problems, back problems should not enter this As I heard this message , I started to inquire why this announcement was read out. The message continued, read in a firm manner. This is repayable to the high speed and great heights this After hearing this I shut out the rest of the instructions. At this pacific moment, I felt, move I say it, scared.All I could hear was the laughter and the newton of the conversations my fellow occupants of the seats that we would soon sit in. My personal pride and evaluate was brought into doubt when my silence was questioned as fear and cowardliness, but as unintelligent as it sounds I quickly dismissed these su ggestions. I used rearward psychology tactics and questioned back, Your frightened, thats why your asking Clever ehMy time last came and the automatic barriers bolded before my glaring eyes. I hurried forward, this was to tape my unconditional confidence I had. I sat on these comfortable, leather, emollient seats and then only I realised one see point. Theres no way back from here As soon as everyone were seated my legs were lifted behind behind me. I was literally double-dealing down and, believe me, I was as nervous as passing game to open some important exam results. Safety padding came slowly down from above me and escape was impossible. This horror machine commenced and all you could hear was the screeching between the contact of the track and each individual open cabin. I felt somewhat relieved to have a just seat and the thought of me turning back was out of the question.Twisting, turning, looping movements were what I was expecting as we were taken up on top of the skyline. I began to question my real respect, for why I come on death defying stunts?

Evaluating Website

Evaluating a Website for Credibility Rebekah Reed Chamberlain College of Nursing NR500 root word Concepts and Applications Fall 2012 Evaluating a Website for Credibility With so m all health-related websites on the earnings it was hard to choose one. I settled on one that is in the flesh(predicate) to me and that I do a lot of teaching on with patient ofs. I chose American Diabetes Association at www. diabetes. org. This website is assemble by searching some(prenominal) of the search engines. This website has two a consumers and professional page. Diabetes is on the rise in the nation and to remove a source that has reli equal to(p) breeding for patients is a necessity.EVALUATING WEBSITE Evaluating this website for authority was a little cumbersome. The website make waters you access to news and look where teaching on the author and publication is listed. There is a section for parley and discussion boards as vigorous. The majority of development is organized by hind rances, ie living with diabetes, food and fitness, etc. There is no author on these pages, but you can find information by going to tab about us page. The purpose of this website is to give consumers objective information both learning and for entertainment use.The American diabetes association is an associated started in the U. S. to help those unnatural by diabetes. You as a consumer ar able to donate in various ways to help support the research. The website assists you in finding your evental anesthetic chapter and events that are happening in your geographical area. The site provides basic information regarding diabetes and care of the disease. The ease of navigation is very user friendly. I enlisted my twelve year old son and mother who is in her late sixties. I asked each to find the page that gave users information on finger sticks.Both were able to find the information with relative ease. Graphics are loaded promptly and links are functioning. A nice feature I found on this website is the ability to click on an icon that states listen to textual matter and it reads the text to you. This is wonderful for those who have difficulty reading. In addition thither are pictures on every page that are related to the topic being discussed for those who learn by visual education. Looking for privacy and guarantor policies shows this website to be certified by Norton Symtec security, Better Business Bureau, Trust cockle Trusted Commence and National Health Counsel.You do not have to be a member to get information from this website. You can engender a member for no fee and receive information on diet, control and other subjects. Your information is not shared with a triplet party or placed on a listserv. The privacy policy is easy to understand and find. Empirical Evidence This website serves to provide the consumer, as well as the healthcare professional, with information about diabetes, its history, development, treatment and impact on the lives of th e diabetic patient. The website homepage makes information available in both English and Spanish.It is designed to give quick information to the viewer about the latest research and news summaries, a tip of the day, a recipe of the day, personal health risks for diabetes and a link to get local information about diabetes with your zip code. (Overman, 2006) In this website the section for professionals gives you access to their search engine for any articles in the five main diabetic journals. You also have the filling for professional resources which include information for professional education, patient educational information to use and diabetes animation clips to use in presentations.The option for continuing education is provided by both live and online programs through many various links. As a nurse or health care professional you are giving and teaching patients how to manage their disease. You are liable for the information you give that in making sure it is accurate and appropriate. The first decision agitate in recommending a website is to determine the goal the website resource will address. For example, a dietitian might refer a patient to a particular recipe website that offers tips and recipes to help the patient become more comfortable preparing low-fat meals.Other limited reasons for referring a patient to a website might be to help the patient 1) learn more about a specific aspect of diabetes 2) persist recipes that meet taste preferences, the food budget, and health needs 3) track natural action levels or 4) receive daily tips on being more sure-fire meeting personal goals. (Evert et al, 2008) Conclusion In conclusion the website www. diabetes. org is a plausible health-related website and a source of information for both consumers and professionals.Its a wealthiness of knowledge and resources for the consumers in an easy to understand layout and language. For professionals it is a one tour of duty area for up to date information, studies and articles regarding diabetes and related care. References Overman VP Website Review American Diabetes Association. worldwide Journal of Dental Hygiene, 2006 Feb 4 (1) 55 (journal article website) ISSN 1601-5029 Evert, A. , March, S. , Powers, M. Use of cyberspace Technology to Support Nutrition and Diabetes Self-Management Care. Diabetes Spectrum, 2008 April 21 (2) 91-99

Nick Names Formation in Lendang Nangka Sasak Menu-Mene Varity and Arabic Languages

NICK label FORMATION IN LENDANG NANGKA SASAK MENU-MENE VARITY AND ARABIC LANGUAGES A look for Writting An NT Language and kitchen-gardening Final fitting Lecturer Dr. Kamalu clamoring Yusra By Samsul Bahri/12J012060/A ENGLISH EDUCATION GRADUATE curriculum MATARAM UNIVERSITY 2013 Accognitionment I would like to distil my grate cross carriages-the-board and appreciation to my honourable subscriber Dr. Kamaludin Yusra, who would like to wait patiently for months for a banter from me, then suffice sympatic onlyy and constsructively within days. This assigment is written to accomplish a final task for Nusa Tenggara Languages Culture and Contact.I am interested to counselling my get wind on Sasak varity ding rear calling arrangement as I show them important points to discuss to defining how nick call in Sasak varity character reference ar roll. So far I found it is unverbalised to do this as the previous search for this merely. I tried hard to counseling this invest igate beca make intent of lack of academic writting background knowledge and references. These be my f and so ontera obstacles to do this research writting. But this get-go experience I accept volunteer be my best t apieceer to do better in the future. I am afraid in that abide by atomic number 18 nigh mistakes in this simple research proposal, I do hope there leave be any(preno houral) suggestions to make it better.Samsul Bahri CONTENTS Acknoledgementi Contentsii A. Introduction1 B. enquiry Questions3 C. Review of Literarture3 D. search Methodology10 * Population10 * Sample11 * Data Collection11 * Data Analysis11 E. Discussion 11 F. Conclussion55 References nick distinguish calling makeup in L abateang Nangka Sasak Menu-mene Varity and Arabic Languages Abstract This research writing discussed about nick spots establishment in L displaceangNangka Sasak meno-mene speech and Arabic nic diagnoses. close to of sasak label atomic number 18 influenced by Arabic pull ins as Islam is predominantly religion for Lendang Nangka crossroads inhabitats.As pertains is identity of a soul its has very(prenominal) strategic role for gracious being. call custom varies greatly from raft to battalion. Terms relates ain n mavin very much(prenominal) as mortalal progress to, family strike calling, addicted call and Nick squall. The knights organic law in any(prenominal) cases convertible to Arabic manner of speaking. In Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene language. The heart and soul of Nick appoint likewise has it own empower in the speech. A nick scream is normally coarse-familiar or humorous but close totimes pointed or cruel consult attached to a individual or bespeak . Nick name calling formations in the dialect through summons of truncation ( cut down), phonological function(replacing a adjudicateed vowel hold up and a on watch account bookant), psychical characteristic and attributes. Nick call as well relat ed to close booster dose and social solidarity. succession in Arabic nick name formation has its own musical mode to form it. This research uses descriptive research methodology. The method use in this research is descriptive method. The goal of this research is to pull the formation, organise and centre of the name calling in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity language and Arabic. The population of this research the inhabitants of Lendang Nangka small town. This reserach studies about the individual(prenominal) label and nick label. at that place are 6357 names.The learnive development are gained from primary and alternate pedigrees. Key address Sasak varity, Arabic, Personal call, Nicknames, formation, truncation, phonological, Physical Characteristic, Lendang Nangka, menu-mene dialect. A. Introduction A name is inseparable thoughtfulness to human being, place or amour. A name is a rule book or term apply for identification. Names can identify a shape o r category of things, or a single(a) thing, all uniquely, or within a habituated context. A individual(prenominal) name identifies a specific unique and identifiable individual mortal. Though Ind angiotensin-converting enzymesia is main office to legion(predicate) diverse pagan congregations and languages.Those exaggerated the varies greatly amid these separates in names. The dominant ethnic group is the Malay populate (whose languages include Ind iodinesian, Javanese). Generally, all Indonesians get hold of one or more given names. Some ethnic groups to a fault use a family name or clan name, new(prenominal) groups use a patronym. Some Indonesians have neither a family name nor a patronym. (Salahudin Ahmad,1999). Personal names are portion outed as important cave in for individualised identity. Sasak sight consider names has special moment, and there is a special practise to do in assignment new innate(p)(p) baby as one of the carriage cycle in Sasak people.As predominantly religion, islamic appellative formation influences more or less of Sasak names. Islam is closely relate to Arabic designation transcription although it is non totally influenced the Sasak names. Muslim assignment system are used honey oilly in Sasak muslim good followers. Lendang Nangka village inhabitants are muslim. The inhabitants of Lendang Nangka village are consider as moderate muslim. This makes genius that naming system is non totally future(a) Islamic naming system although galore(postnominal) of the people in the villages use Arabic names much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Muhammad, Ahmad, Abdurrahman, Abdullah, Wahid, Syafii, Siti Aisah, Siti Hadijah, Mariam, etc. nd some some others Arabic prow terms such(prenominal) as Nurul Hayati, Nurul Aini, Laitul Fitri which they considered as Islamic naming systems. On the other attain galore(postnominal) own(prenominal) names are influenced by non Arabic names, westbound, Hindus and Java nese, or by their own creation naming systems. And the closing curtain naming system is naming by local anesthetic Sasak names (although there is no written rules about this but this is just base on the local story and information). Relate to the topic of this research a name in short form is called Nickname.According to Free Online Dictionary(2009) nickname is a descriptive name added to or replacing the actual name of a somebody, place, or thing. Where as The vocalizesprice Concise English Dictionary(1988) defines Nickname as a name given in contempt or sportive familiarity. A nickname is a usually familiar or humorous but sometimes pointed or cruel name given to a person or place (Oxford Dictionary Online, 2012), as a supposedly appropriate electric switch for or addition to the right-hand(a) name.Nicknames tweedthorn base on a persons name or various attributes such as (in majority the case taken from American names) Tittle (Bones for a forensic scientist,Doc for a doc tor ,Sparky for an electrician, Geek for a com aimer technician, Sarge for a military Sergeant, Moneybags for a wealthy person, Sir or Maam for a person of a highschooler rank) Physical characteristics (Weight Fatso or Slim for a person who is overweight or thin, respectively. Height Beanpole for a person who is tall, Shortie or small-fry for a short person. Haircolour Red, Ginger, Ranga, or Bluey for a person with red hair. Blondie a fille with towheaded hair. Baldness Chrome garret for a person whose scalp reflects the light. Complexion Pinky for a person with Rosacea, Zit or pizza-face for severe acne, various racial slurs for skin color. Personality (Talkative Motormouth, magpie, Ratchet-Jaw, ChattyKathy Cautious Nervous Nellie Pessimistic Sad Sack Negative Debbie depressant, Glamorous Stunning Signe, Boring Plain Jane, Typical Average Joe. This seek paper focuses on the depth psychology of nick names formation in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity and Arabic languag es.This topic is establish on the in-person names of Sasak and their blood to Arabic face-to-faceized names. As we know naming system in Sasak names are moslty influnce by religious aspects. So far I found that it an interesting topic to disscuss about nick names formation as it is merely found the academic writting of how the Sasak nick name are organise. I prefer to specify the Sasak menu mene varity as it is my origin language and it is interesting to relate the naming system with Arabic as some(prenominal) of them uses mostly use Arabic personal names as the inhabitants considered Islam belivers.B. Research Question * What are the naming systems in Sasak meno-mene varity and Arabic language? * What are the meaning of Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity and Arabic personal names? * How are Arabic and Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity nicknames formed? * Does Arabic nicknames formations contribute to Lendang Nangka Sasak nicknames formations? C. Review of Literature Ac cording to Merriam-Webster (2012) name is Word or phrase that constitutes the distinctive designation of a person or thing . By a name we can identify individually other.In general term, a name is a label for a noun a person, place or thing. Naming customs vary greatly from people to people. Some names carry information about our roots, such as family or clan names, which are broadly speaking inherited. Terms relates personal names such as personal name ,family names, given names and Nick name. In some cases they are very simple, such as those of many Indonesians names who use just a single name. On the other hand, names could overly be very tortuous such handed-downistic Chinese (Wikipedia, 2007).A given name, in Hesperian contexts oftentimes referred to as a starting name, is a personal name that specifies and contraryiates between members of a group of individuals, e particularly in a family, all of whose members usually share the said(prenominal) family name or nam e. Arabic names were historically found on a long naming system most Arabs did not only have given/middle/family names, but a unspoilt chemical chain of names. This system was in use throughout the Arab world. The given name is of all time followed by the becomes graduation exercise name, then the dons family surname. Example Name Muhammad ibn Saeed ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Filasteeni. Wikipedia, 2007). The study of personal names has attracted a number of scholars over the years. There are many views regarding the way in which personal names are bestowed. This section aims to provide a overview of what previous scholars have found as far as personal naming is concerned. Scholars such as Koopman (1986 1989), Thipa (1983 1987), Herbert (1990 1995), Saarelma-Maunumaa (1996 1999), Stayt (1931), Monnig (1967), Mbiti (1969), Moyo (1996), Kimeyi (1989), Dickens (1985) and Bosch and De Klerk (1995) have found their interchanges on some of the personal naming patterns.As far as African t raditional culture is concerned, the selection of personal names is influenced by many factors. Most of these factors are diverse among cultures nevertheless, there are some areas where they overlap. Jayaraman (2005 176) provides the following(a) ex order of the Hindu tradition of personal naming practices a name not only reveals a persons self-identity, but in addition his or her cultural, sectarian, varna, and caste identities. Further, it is believed to signal ones spireligious rite worth not only in this world, but likewise in the next.In passing(a) life, Hindus give great significance to a personal name. As this study on Tshiven? a names will reveal, the naming ceremony of a shaver is an important til nowt. It is also traditionally one of the major life circle rituals for a Hindu. In Southern India, it is usually performed on the 12th day of a churls life. Customarily, some Hindus, who believe that rase days are lucky for girls and un redden ones lucky for boys, hold that a boy should be named on the el level offth day and a girl on the twelfth.When the ceremony is to occur, and mainly in the case of the starting time nestling, twain the sustains and the stupefys relatives visit the house where the vex gave birth (usually her natal home). Here, the guests are entertained with traditional sweets specially alert for the occasion. There are various considerations in the choice of a name. However, one essential element in the selection of a name in all part of India is the birth star of a person. Most Hindus confer with an astrologer to decide the appropriate name.In the south, as in other parts of India, names may tell of the joy and expectations of parents of newborn nipperren. For example, if a boor is born to a couple many years after marriage, he may be endearingly named after some precious admixture or gem, such as Ratnam (diamond), Sona (gold), Banghru (gold) or Muthu (pearl). Naming may also be related to other family experiences. For example, in Tamilnadu, if a family has experienced high squirt mortality, a surviving child may be named pichi (gift of god) if male person, or Pichiamma if female. Elements of idiosyncrasy and creativity are also apparent in Indian naming customs.For example, an eminent professor of Telugu in Andhra Pradesh gave his daughter one of the longest names encountered Sri Arunachala Kadambavana Sundari Prasunnamba Kanyaka (the blessed virgin who is beautiful and carries with her the radiance of sunshine, the sugariness of garden flowers, and the presence of God). Bean (1980309), in his research on the bestowment of childrens names, found that it is often the duty of the parents, but may also be the duty of a senior kinsman or of a ritual specialist, and the participation of members of a larger community is also required ( e. . Ga names are bestowed by the senior patriarchal relatives). Beans (1980) view that the role of the ritual forms part of a childs acceptance into his family g roup, is in a way comparable to views given by other scholars such as Mbiti (1967), Monnig (1967), Koopman (1989) and Stayt (1931) on the role of the rituals that accompany name-giving ceremonies. Andrei A. Avram paper looks into the structural properties of Japanese and English abbreviated names. Name truncation is considered to be a word-formation process and is analyzed from the perspective of Prosodic Morphology.Japanese and English truncated names are turn outn to be subject to strict prosodic requirements. withal discussed is the relation between name truncation and prosodic minimality in the 2 languages. A well-favouredail study the ways in which truncation in Indonesian enriches our concord of possible patterns of prosodic morphology and the nature of prosodic word requirements. The structure of the paper is number 1 describe the patterns of truncation in Indonesian. He consider the question of word minimality and evidence for word minimality base on the stress fact s of Indonesian.He describe and consider the implications of two contoures of subminimal words in Indonesian, including a class of words containing schwa and the short forms of terms of address and personal names. two of these classes of words highlight the fact that word well-formedness and word minimality may be violable properties. He return to the question of truncation as prosodic morphology and briefly consider the Indonesian facts in light of fresh theoretical claims about the nature of truncation. Langendonck (2008) made a nice mess to prove the universality of sources of surnames.Accordingly, they are derived roughly from the uniform sources across lingually and culturally unrelated languages. For instance, in the English speaking countries, most surnames of British origin fall into several types occupations (eg Smith, Baker), personal characteristics (eg Short, Brown), geographical features (eg Hill, Lee) place names (eg Flint, Hamilton) patronymicsii(eg Richardson, J ohnson) matronymics (eg Marriott from Mary) and paternal, from patronage (eg Hickman meaning Hicks man). In French, people are named, following the akin traditions Legrand( the tall), le Carpentier (carpenter), le Parisien(from Paris).The alike sources of surnames are true of the Spanish-speaking countries Delgado (thin), Molinero(miller), Aleman from (Germany). In Russian, one finds the same Tolstoy (fat or stout), Portnov (tailor),Moskova (from Moscow). Romanians follow the same procedures in deriving their surnames Barbu(bushy bearded), Fieraru(Smith), Munteanu(from the mountains) Moldoveanu(from Moldova). In Netherlands, the Dutch adopt the same path in forming theirs De Groot(the great), avant-garde Weert( of the city Weert) (ibid). During the pre-Islamic period and onward, Arabs used to follow received traditions in choosing their personal names.Roughly, the same traditions have been followed in juvenile Arabic dialects. In autho come neard Arabiciv, some names were cho sen by tribes for various curtilages (1) to menace their enemies (eg Muqatil fighter, Ghalib winner, Asad lion) (2) to express their optimism of their sons (eg Sa6yd happy, Malik owner, Najy rescued) (3) to involve the sense of roughness of land or trees (eg al a hard tree, hajar stone) or (4) the newly born child is named depending on what his father comes across while the childs mother is being in labour.For instance, if the father meets a fox, the child will be named accordingly Thalaba. The same holds true of hotdog kalib, jubilate Ghurab (I stash away Duraid, d. 321H ,nd5f) (see also Althaaliby, d. 430 H, 2007 406f) Ibin Qutaybah(d. 276 H, 199967) adds that some peoples names are taken from names of plants(eg alqamah colocynth) others from peoples characteristics or attributes(eg al-kareem generous, al-shuja6 brave). In the Arabian Peninsula, females were named as males. This is attributed to the fact that the tribal societies at that time charter e seen greater in numbe r by others so that they would signify a dance band before invading each other. afterwards the rise of Islam, the tradition of naming persons by the use of plants or animals names went on and other factors for naming had become involved. For instance, beautiful names were chosen (al-Rabii Spring) and got astray spread due to the Prophets strength against the choice of unsightly names. He (P. B. W. H) recommended that parents should select beautiful names that bring happiness and bliss to newly born children.In surveying the traditions that Arabs followed in naming persons during the pre- and post-Islamic period, one finds that the same traditions have been roughly adopted by modern Arabic primeval speakers (Murad, 198436, 46). Al-Samaray (19614) adheres to a rather distinct view in that classical Arabic is no longer the variety spoken all over the Arab fatherland i. e. different Arabic colloquial dialects are in use. This has had its impact on the way the PNs are used or c hosen in both Arabic speaking country (see 2. 2. 1 below). However, Al-Samaray (p. ) does not state that the traditional ways of naming became totally absent(see 2. 2. 2 below). Ulaiq (200112ff) further indicates that PNs in SA and modern Arabic dialects are attributed to 1. Natural phenomena (eg Qamar the moon, kawkab planet, Hilal Crescent) 2. The sequential hunting lodge of the newborn child which has sometimes a part to play in naming him or her(eg Faryd the unique, Walyd the altogether, Rabia the fourth). 3. Well-known or out back uping figures such as poets, heroes, wise men, presidents, artists or leaders (e. g Siina Avicenna Saladdiin, AbdulNasir). . Grandfathers or grandmothers names to exalt them specially the eldest son. 5. Harmony of the names so as to be of the same musical tone of the family members (eg Ranny, Rajjy, Wally, Haddy). 6. Particular occasions or events(eg Ramadhan the moderation month, Najjah success, Zilzal earthquake) 7. The veneration of envy in t hat ugly names are attributed to infants (as some people believe) to keep them away from being envied. Nevertheless, this tradition has become of a very minor role to play due to the spread of learning and knowledge in the Arab homeland.Sasak is a Western Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the island of Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat province in eastern Indonesia (Austin, 2000, 2001). It is closely related to Samawa (spoken on the western half of Sumbawa Island to the east of Lombok) and Balinese, and sub-groups with them as a member of the Western-Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian . Relate to this research, the study of Sasak language has been done by many researchers, but in the other hand the study about Sasak nicknames is very hard to find.Acoodring to Austin (2000, 2001) Sasak language shows a wide range of local dialect play in lexicon and syntax, which is the topic of ongoing investigation. There is also sociolectal variation with high, middle and low speech styles (N othofer, 2000). Data for this paper is drawn from the primaeval and Southern varieties identified by their speakers as Meno-Mene, Meriaq-Meriku and Menu-Meni Sasak. As predominantly Islam worshipper Sasak and Arab people they mostly based their naming system on Islamic principles.The fact that this is the right of the father is shown by the principle that the child is ascribed and attributed to the father, as Allaah says, Call them (adopted sons) by (the names of) their fathers, that is more just in the pickle of Allaah. It is also allowed for the parents to allow others to name the child, since our Prophet (SAW) used to name some of the children of his Companions. The name should carry a good and praiseworthy meaning as the Messenger (SAW) said, On the Day of Resurrection, you will be called by your names and your fathers names, so make your names good. (Abu Dawood) It is recommended to call oneself a servant of Allaah (Abdullaah) or the servant of any of the names of Allaah. a nd so it is recommended to name a child after a prophet, due to the hadeeth, call yourselves by the names of the Prophets (Abu Dawood) and the hadeeth, a son was born to me this night and I called him after my forefather Ibraaheem (Muslim) Then it is recommended to name the child after any pious person in the hope that it will become like him/her. Then it is recommended to name by any name which has good meaning.It is forbidden to name a child with a name that denote servitude to other than Allaah, for example Abd an-Nabi, Abd ar-Rasool etc, just as it is forbidden to name them with names that are particular to the Unbelievers like George, Michael, Susan etc. The names of tyrants and evil personalities should be avoided such as Firawn, Qaroon, Abu Lahab etc.. Likewise it is dislike to name with the names of the Surahs of the Quraan like Taa Haa or Yaa Seen as is reported from Imaam Maalik and others. There is no authentic hadeeth which ascribes the above two as being names of the Pr ophet (SAW).As the influencing of globalization era, naming sytem also influences Lendang Nangka Sasak naming system. It is very common to find personal naming influnced by western names such, Heri from Harry, Linda, Tina, Sandi etc. More examples of differents names are presented in appendixes and in next word. D. Research Methodology This research uses descriptive research methodology. The method used in this research is descriptive method. The goal of this research is to describe the formation, structure and meaning of the names in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity language and Arabic.A similar view is expressed by Djaya Sudarma (200616). He said that this method is a descriptive overview of the characteristics of the data accurately in accordance with the nature of the data itself. The statement was supported by Sudaryanto Djayasudarma (199362) who argued that the descriptive method focused on giving a full overview on the actual state of the object under investigation. T his study also used qualitative approach. this study is also related to research data that is not in the form of numbers, but in the form of words or phrases (Sudaryanto, 199362).Sudaryanto opinion is supported by Arikunto (1998193) who states that qualitative research is a desecriptive research because this study attempted to describe the data with the words or phrases that are separated by categories to obtain conclusions. base on the explanation above, the writer can say that the research is descriptive qualitative research means is intended to provide a clear picture of the process of the formation, structure and phrase user names Lendang Nangka Sasak menu- mene varity * Population The population of this research is the inhabitants of Lendang Nangka village.Relates to the topic of this research the total names of the subject are 6357 names of Lendang Nangka inhabitants personal names. * Sample From total 6357 names there one hundreds personal names are taken as sample. Those sa mples are catagorized as first 100 hundred the most fashionable names in Lendang Nangka village * Data Collection There are two sources of data collecting Primary and secondary data. The primary data are obtained directly from local people of Lendang Nangka village by questioning to the paticipants and observation. Secondary Data source are taken from monography of local village office.Data source are in the form list of names local inhabitants. The number of the is 6357 personal names in the village (appendix ). Those total names will be group into the group of similarities of each names(appendix ). * Data Analisys. subsequently all data are obtained the next step is to analize the data. Analysis is an effort to study and process the data to find out the conclussion. Each group will be analized based on their formation and the form of the names, and their originals. All data are put into some cataogries 1. Their similarities pharase and sylabble 2. substructure 3.Ending word or prosodic 4. Meaning After all data are determined to their group. The next step is to test the process of each names become nicknames based on phenomena and observation. After all data collected , the next process is sorting names into their catagory using spread sheet Ms-Office Excell 2007 sorting system. For further analysis will be discussed in disscussion part . E. Disscussion The topic of this discussion will focus on the study of Lendang Nangka Sasak menu-mene varity names while on the other hand Arabic names disscus in not too deep discussion and analyis.The discussion will also be based on some theories and names. 1. Names Generally a name is a label for a noun a person, place or thing. More specifically a name is a label for a specific person, place or thing. These are sometimes called proper names. A name is a word or term used for identification. Names can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. According to Merriam-Webster(2012) name is Word or phrase that constitutes the distinctive designation of a person or thing . By a name we can identify each other.In general term, a name is a label for a noun a person, place or thing. look at the following examples Person * Heri * Megawati Sukarno Putri * Harun Al-Rasyid * Lalu Serinata * TGH. Muhammad Zainul Majdi Name Noun occasion * Meja (Table) * Harimau (Tiger) * Lendang Nangka cast * Hotel * Lombok Sumbawa * Lendang Nangka * Bima 2. Personal names Relate to personal names, naming customs vary greatly from people to people. Some names carry information about our roots, such as family or clan names, which are in general inherited.Terms relates personal names such as personal name , family names, given names and Nick name. In some cases they are very simple, such as those of many Indonesians names who use just a single name. On the other hand, names could also be very composite such traditional Chinese(Wikipedia, 2007). A given name, in Western contexts often referred to as a first name, is a personal name that specifies and differentiates between members of a group of individuals, especially in a family, all of whose members usually share the same family name or surname.Arabic names were historically based on a long naming system most Arabs did not simply have given/middle/family names, but a full chain of names. This system was in use throughout the Arab world. The given name is continuously followed by the fathers first name, then the fathers family surname. Example Name Muhammad ibn Saeed ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Filasteeni. Sasak people naming system is considered as simple naming system such Muhammmad Amin, Aminah, Hadijah, Amir Masud, Samsul Bahri. The names mostly influences by Arabic names or words as most Sasak people are moslem.While in Hellenic using more complete name as follows personal name(s) + patronymic + family name e. g. a son whose fathers name was Georgios expertness be called Spyros Geo rgiou Kyprianos same as in Bulgarian names personal name(s) + patronymic + family. e. g. Emil Petrov Christov (Wikipedia, 2007). A modern Chinese usually has (1) a surname (family name) or xing and (2) a given name (first name or Christian name), or ming (or mingzi ), always in that order. thus Deng Xiaoping is Mr. Deng with the personal name Xiaoping the same way John Jones is Mr.Jones with the personal name John. (Lelia, 1961). 3. Sasak language, personal names and origins a. Sasak language. The Sasak language is spoken on the island of Lombok (immediately east of Bali) by around 2. 5 million speakers (roughly 85% of the population of Lombok, which was recorded as 2,950,105 in 2005. It shows great internal variation, both geographical and social, with a complex linguistic ecology (Austin 2003) Sasak has traditionally been classified into five dialects meno mene, ngeno-ngene, meriyaq-meriku, kuto-kute, and nggeto-nggete.However, this classification does not seem to accommodate the reality of the actual variation existing in Sasak, because there are also other dialects such as menu-meni and menung-mening. For instance, menu-meni speakers do not always agree to be in the category of meno-mene speakers, although the reason for this is hard to tell (Mahyuni, 2007). As Mahyuni stated that menu-meni speakers do not always agree to be in the category of ngeno-ngene speakers. I preassumed, The sasak language which the people in Lendang Nangka (Where I live) east Lombok may categorized as meno-meni speakers even though located in the region of ngeno-ngene dialect.De arouse of category by A. Teeuw. In circumstance of geographic location, Lendang Nangka is surrounded by ngeno-ngene dialect speakers such, Jurit village in the east, Danger village in the south, Sangiang in the west and Borok Lelet in the north. constituted on historical information, the inhabitants anchestor of Lendang Nangka were from the area of district Kopang Central Lombok (where as it is considere d as menu-mene dialect speakers). b. Sasak personal Names In fact, Sasak do not generally use the Western naming practice of a given first name and a family last name nor arabic system which is constitute of full chain of names.In general, the form Sasak personal names fall into the following categories * A single name Sahnep, Mahrap, Mahyan, Marep, Serinata, Sahnun, Sapnah, Riadah, Muhammad, Ahmad, Abdullah, Lasmi, Sintiawati, Kartika, Indra, Subawae, etc. * Two (or more) names without a family name Muhammad Safii, Siti Aminah, Safaril Ahyak, Yusran Ahmadi, Samsul Hadi, Laelatul Fitri. * Names for documentary system (marital certificate, passport, birth certificate) This category is based on Indonesian formal rule. A name following by fathers name Sahudin bin Muhammad (M), Fitriah binti Sahidun (F). Names based on the first child ( After a spouse has their first child bornt). Amaq/mamiq Sahudin (First child name is Sahudin, while Amaq means father so meaning The father of Sahudin) . While the wife could be Inaq/Meme Sahudin (Inaq means mother so meaning the mother of Sahudin. In fact the of the father has his own personal name Abdurrahman or the mothers personal name Aminah. * distinguished personal name Lalu is added before a male personal name, such as Lalu Suparlan, Lalu Serinate. Baiq is added before female personal name, such as Baiq Hikmah, Baiq Mustiare. c. line of work of Sasak names.There is not specific informations about the original Sasak Names in spite of the fact that some of Sasak names are not found in other language names (Sahnep, Mahrep, Segep, Sinarep, Senep, Sahne, Amsiah, Rumlah, Sene, Selihan, Mahnan, Serinate (? ). The following description of the origin of Sasak names which are based on the language, culture and religious influences * Arabic word derived names Since Islam is the main religion for Sasak people , it is veryobviously to find Arabic first names as personal names in Sasak names such as Abdullah, Abdurrahman, Siti Aminah, Siti Hadijah. * Sanskrit derived namesAs the influenced of former ruler of Balinese in Lombok we will find some similarities in Sasak and Balinese such as in language and culture. Sanskrit derived names-names that may sound Hindu-influenced such as Indra, Bayu, Surya, Wisnu, Rama, , Bima, Dewi, Sri, Laksmi, Saraswati, Sintawati, etc. * Popular and Honored person Names Sasak people also use personal names following popular names taken honored person such as names of former presidents (Sukarno, Suharto, Megawati, Habibi), celebrity names (Desi Ratnasari, Rano Karno, Herman Felani, Anjasmara), sport champions names (Alan Budi kusuma, Verawaty, Rudi Hartono). Etc. * Western namesDue to the influence of Western popular culture and celebrities, many non- Sasaksalso have shortened Western names like Sandy, Ricky, Alan, Meri (Marry), Linda, Amanda, Cindy,Heri (Harry), Meri (Marry), Sintia (Chintia) etc. The names can be found through Sasak family in suburb even in countryfied community. * Parents own Creation names. Some parents created their child names with their own conceit and meaning. Such as persons who were born in certain times . Juliawati for a person who was born in July, Agustina in August, Oktaviana in October, Ramadani in Ramadhan month, Laelatul Fitri in the night before Iedl Fitri day, Purnawati in full moon night. . Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity 100 summit names. So far there is no specific rules in Sasak naming sytem. Since most of Sasak people are muslim naming system is much closely related to Arabic names, although it is not totally follow the personal naming system for Arab people. Sasak personal names are similar to most Indonesian moslem names although some names appear as they are influences by western and Hindus names. Some other names are created by parents own creation which they based on other peoples names, time, place, nature, plants or thing they considered good names.The top 100 hundred names of 6357 names mostly used in Lend ang Nangka Sasak village as shown in the following table Table. 1. Top 100 names in Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity No. NAMES Total names % No. NAMES Total names % 1 SAMSUL (+ . ) 37 0. 58 51 anti 11 0. 17 2 Abdullah (+ ) 34 0. 53 52 DIAN 11 0. 17 3 SUMIATI 29 0. 46 53 HAERIAH 11 0. 17 4 JUMAKYAH 27 0. 42 54 HARNI 11 0. 17 5 JUNAIDI 25 0. 39 55 LINA 11 0. 17 6 MULIANI 23 0. 36 56 MARIANI 11 0. 17 7 SAPRI 22 0. 35 57 NURUL AENI 11 0. 17 8 Agus+ 20 0. 31 58 RIPAAH 11 0. 7 9 ahmad+ 20 0. 31 59 SAMSUDIN 11 0. 17 10 ERNA( +) 20 0. 31 60 SENIWATI 11 0. 17 11 LIA 20 0. 31 61 SUPRIADI 11 0. 17 12 Aisah 19 0. 30 62 ZAKIAH 11 0. 17 13 RIZAL 19 0. 30 63 Adi 10 0. 16 14 SRI ASMAWATI+ 19 0. 30 64 ana 10 0. 16 15 MULIADI 18 0. 28 65 HAERUNI 10 0. 16 16 NURHASANAH 18 0. 28 66 HENDRI 10 0. 16 17 HAMDIAH 17 0. 27 67 HERI 10 0. 16 18 IRWAN 17 0. 27 68 HERIANTO 10 0. 16 19 ROHANI 17 0. 27 69 HERMAN 10 0. 16 20 EKA 16 0. 25 70 JULIANA 10 0. 16 21 HAERANI 16 0. 25 71 LIANA 10 0. 16 2 NURHAYATI 1 6 0. 25 72 MAHYUNI 10 0. 16 23 ROZI 16 0. 25 73 MAWARDI 10 0. 16 24 Aminah 15 0. 24 74 PAJRI 10 0. 16 25 At 15 0. 24 75 PATIMAH 10 0. 16 326 IDA 15 0. 24 76 RONI 10 0. 16 27 MAHNUN 15 0. 24 77 ROSIDI 10 0. 16 28 NURUL + 15 0. 24 78 SALMIAH 10 0. 16 29 SAPIAH 15 0. 24 79 SUHAILI 10 0. 16 30 SURIANI 15 0. 24 80 YANTI 10 0. 16 31 Ani 14 0. 22 81 YULIANI 10 0. 16 32 NUR 14 0. 22 82 ZAKRAH 10 0. 16 33 NURAENI 14 0. 22 83 Ahyar 9 0. 14 34 YULIANA 14 0. 22 84 andri+ 9 0. 14 35 Andi 13 0. 0 85 ari 9 0. 14 36 JUMARTI 13 0. 20 86 DEDI 9 0. 14 37 RINA 13 0. 20 87 IWAN 9 0. 14 38 Anah 12 0. 19 88 MAHINUN 9 0. 14 39 DEWI 12 0. 19 89 NURUL 9 0. 14 40 DIANA 12 0. 19 90 PENDI 9 0. 14 41 EDI 12 0. 19 91 RIANAH 9 0. 14 42 ELI 12 0. 19 92 RIKA 9 0. 14 43 HAMDI 12 0. 19 93 SAHNUN 9 0. 14 44 JOHAERIAH 12 0. 19 94 SITI+ 9 0. 14 45 LINDA 12 0. 19 95 SUMARNI 9 0. 14 46 MARNI 12 0. 19 96 SUPARDI 9 0. 14 47 MULIANA 12 0. 19 97 US 9 0. 14 48 PADLI 12 0. 19 98 anto 8 0. 13 49 RENI 12 0. 19 99 AYU 8 0. 3 50 SA PRUDIN 12 0. 19 100 HALIMAH 8 0. 13 OTHERS 79. 05 The following table data is to describe the use of Arabic names Abdullah which is popular as Arabic name, the total number of inhabitants using Abdullah first names is 36 people e. Other popular form of Lendang Nangka Sasak Meno-mene varity. From the analysis of the data it is found that many of Sasak personal names characteristic has similar final sylables such as ,-udin, -ni, -di, -man, -ti, -ah, -na, -wide area network. The following are data show names with the characteristic above * Names with final sylable udin Names with final sylable di * Names with final sylable man * Names with end sylable na * Names with end sylable run * Names with end sylable wan * Names with end sylable -un * Names with end sylable to and no * Names with end sylable ah By observing the data above mostly naming system in Sasak meno-mene are very simple and it is tend to have similar names by using similar final sylables. 4. Arabic names, meaning and origins Arabic names were historically based on a long naming system most Arabs did not simply have given/middle/family names, but a full chain of names.This system was in use throughout the Arab world. The given name is always followed by the fathers first name, then the fathers family surname. Some surnames have a pre-fix of ibn- meaning son of (ould- in Mauritania) The surnames follow similar rules defining a relation to a clan, family, place etc. Some Arab countries have differences due to historic rule by the Ottoman Empire or due to being a different minority. For example * Muhammad ibn Saeed ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Filasteeni Ism Muhammad (Proper name). Muhammad praised. Nasab Saeed (Fathers name). Saeed happy Nasab Abd al-Aziz (Grandfathers name).Abd al-Aziz Servant of the Magnificient. Nisbah al-Filasteenee (The Palestinian). Filasteen nirvana. Muhammad Saeed, son of Abdul-Aziz, the Palestinian This person would simply be referred to as Muhammad or by relating him to h is first-born son, e. g. Abu Kareem (father of Kareem). To signify respect or to specify which Muhammad one is speaking about, the name could be prolonged to the extent necessary or desired. During the pre-Islamic period and onward, Arabs used to follow certain traditions in choosing their personal names. Roughly, the same traditions have been followed in modern Arabic dialects.In classical Arabiciv, some names were chosen by tribes for various reasons (1) to threaten their enemies (eg Muqatil fighter, Ghalib winner, Asad lion) (2) to express their optimism of their sons (eg Sa6yd happy, Malik owner, Najy rescued) (3) to involve the sense of roughness of land or trees (eg ala thorny tree,hajar stone) or (4) the newly born child is named depending on what his father comes across while the childs mother is being in labour. For instance, if the father meets a fox, the child will be named accordingly Thalaba. The same holds true of dog kalib, crow Ghurab (Ibin Duraid, d. 21H ,nd5f) Ib in Qutaybah(d. 276 H,199967) adds that some peoples names are taken from names of plants(eg alqamah colocynth) others from peoples characteristics or attributes(eg al-kareem generous, al-shuja brave). In the Arabian Peninsula, females were named as males. This is attributed to the fact that the tribal societies at that time need be seen greater in number by others so that they would think a lot before invading each other. After the rise of Islam, the tradition of naming persons by the use of plants or animals names went on and other factors for naming had become involved.For instance, beautiful names were chosen (al-Rabii Spring) and got widely spread due to the Prophets blank space against the choice of ugly names. He (P. B. W. H) recommended that parents should select beautiful names that bring happiness and satisfaction to newly born children. In surveying the traditions that Arabs followed in naming persons during the pre- and post-Islamic period, one finds that the same tradit ions have been roughly adopted by modern Arabic native speakers (Murad, 198436, 46). Al-Samaray (19614) adheres to a rather distinct view in that classical Arabic is no longer the variety spoken all over the Arab homeland i. . different Arabic colloquial dialects are in use. This has had its impact on the way the PNs are used or chosen in every Arabic speaking country (see 2. 2. 1 below). However, Al-Samaray (p. 5) does not state that the traditional ways of naming became totally absent(see 2. 2. 2 10 below). Ulaiq (200112ff) further indicates that personal names in SA and modern Arabic dialects are attributed to 1. Natural phenomena (eg Qamar the moon, kawkab planet, Hilal crescent) 2. The sequential order of the newborn child which has sometimes a part to play in naming him or her(eg Faryd the unique, Wayd the alone, Rabia the fourth). . Well-known or outstanding figures such as poets, heroes, wise men, presidents, artists or leaders (eg Siina Avicenna Saladdiin, AbdulNasir). 4. G randfathers or grandmothers names to glorify them specially the eldest son. 5. Harmony of the names so as to be of the same musical tone of the family members (eg Ranny, Rajjy, Wally, Haddy). 6. Particular occasions or events(eg Ramadhan the fasting month, Najjah success, Zilzal earthquake) 7. The fear of envy in that ugly names are attributed to infants (as some people believe) to keep them away from being envied.Nevertheless, this tradition has become of a very minor role to play due to the spread of education and knowledge in the Arab homeland. 5. Nicknames According to Oxford Dictionary A nickname is a usually familiar or humorous but sometimes pointed or cruel name given to a person or place, as a supposedly appropriate replacement for or addition to the proper name, or a name similar in origin and orthoepy from the original name. A nickname is sometimes considered desirable, symbolising a form of acceptance, but can often be a form of ridicule. Nicknames in Sasak language rela tes to definition above is quiet similar in piece and meaning.The topic disscussion in this research relates to Nicknames formation in Lendang Nangka Sasak meno mene varity comparing to nick names formation in Arabic. This topic become the main discussion because most of Lendang Nangka inhabitants personal names are influenced by Arabic naming system. 5. 1. Nicknames formation. As the main focus on this response paper, nicknames formation is based on Lendang Nangka Sasak meno-mene varity. Nicknames formation in Sasak meno-mene varity in LendangNangka has some characteristics 5. 2. Truncation the given names Truncation means to shorten by or as if by cutting off. The free dictionary online) 5. 2. 1. Truncate the base name by separate back part of base name as illustrated below Base namenickname (truncated) Gunilahilok Haeriahiok Sinarepayep Sadahadok Nicknames (Truncated names) shows tendency to begin with a consonant and end with consonant, even their base starts with a consona nt and end with a consonant. While the others following nicknames(truncated) names tend to begin with a consonant and ends with a consonant even the base names starts with a vowel and ends with a consonant Base namenickname Aminahminok Andipendot Aguscegos Akramkeram Amircemor Amingemong Abdillahdilok Ahmad gamek 5. 2. 2. Truncate the primary accentuate syllable of the names as follows Base namesNicknames (truncated names) Atharhar Rukiahkiah/kiok Sakdahdah/dok Samsulsul -SamsudinSam 5. 2. 3. Truncate the secondary stressed syllable of the names as in the following example Base namesNicknames (truncated names) Samsudinudin Tarminimini Hamdandan Jumlahlah/lok 5. 2. 4. Truncate names on the segmental of onset consonants replace randomly Base namesNicknames (truncated names) SakdahCedok MuhamadGamek SirCing HasimTacim MahrepGayep 5. 2. 5. Phonological Process. emphasize vowels occasionally change /a/ into /o/ as follows Base namenickname -Abdillahdilok -Samsiahsi ok -Aminahinok -Rukiahkiok * ever-changing stressed vowel /a/ into // ? Base name Nicknames -SatriawanAwen -SuparmanMamen -JarkasiKejer -SunardiSuner -AhmadAmek -JumakyahJume * Changing stressed vowel /i/ into /o/ as follows Base name Nicknames -Mulyandiendot Mulianieno Muliaticetot Santisentot Samsul Hadiedot * Consonants may also be subject to change. /s/ is replaced by /c/ in middle position Base name nick name -NasirAcing -HasanAcan Muhasimacim -Muhsankucan -MuhsinKucin -LusianiUci -HasanahCanok -MahsunAcun * /r/ is replaced by /? / at the close position Base name Nicknames -Munirning -Tahiraing -Zakiraking -JaharAhang -MunawarAweng * /r/ is replaced by /y/ in the mid position Base name Nicknames -Idrusyus -Zakrahayah/ayok -Mustarahgayek -Mahrupayup -Mahrapayap -Mehrameyam -Sahrumayum -Sahuriuyi * /k/ is replaced by /h/ at the close position Base name Nicknames -ZakrahAyok Hasanahcanok Riadahadok Sakdahcedok Ramdahmendok Sakdiahdiok Abdillahdilok Darmilahilok Sapirahi rok Jumlahjlok * /b/ is replaced by /p/ at the close position Base namenickname -Zaenabjenap Assegabsegep Mustajabajap Rajabajap Habibabip * /z/ is replaced by /j/ at the onset position Base namenickname ZaenabJenap Zulkarnainkejung Zaenuddinjen Zarkasikejer Zulkiplijul * /l/ is replaced by /ng/ at the close position Base name nickname -Samsulancung Sulhiahcung Mulianahmung Yulianiyung * /f/ is replaced by /p/ at the random position Base name nickname Gafarapar Irfanipan Sarifayip Mussannifsanip Halifalip 5. 2. 6.Nicknames also formed by dropping a consonant in random position, as described below Base name nickname -Ehsanesan -Irfanipan -Ilhamiham -Ahsipasip -Mahsanasan 5. 2. 7. Nicknames formation also made by giving attributes to specific person such as following Kaktuan is for a person who has done hajj for example Base namenicknames -Hajjah Kurniawatikak tuan kur -Haji Abdillahkak tuan dilok -Hajjah Samsiahkak tuan iok * Tuaq(uncle) and inaqrari (aunt) is to a ddress someone feel close related to the speaker even he is not a relative of the speaker, as following example Base namenicknames Salehtuaq aleh -Zaenuddintuaq jen -Syamsiahinaq rari iok -Rumlahinaq rari melok * Semeton/meton/ton (brother/sister) usually refers to male is to address between friends at same age and to show devotion, even though they are not relatives in between and usually meton or ton is stand alone without nicknames. * Arik/adik (younger brother/sister)usually refers to male is to address to younger person and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and usually arik or adik is stand alone without nicknames. Kakak/akakArik/adik (older brother/sister) usually refers to male/female is to address to younger person and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and usually kakakor kak is stand alone without nicknames. * Amaq keke /bapak keke(father) usually refers to male is to address to elder get married person a nd to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and often amaq keke or bapak keke is stand alone without nicknames to show close together(predicate) feeling. Inaq keke (mother) usually refers to address to elder married person and to show friendliness, even though they are not relatives in between and usually arik or adik is stand alone without nicknames. without to show closer feeling. 5. 2. 8. Nicknames also formed by physical characteristic and personality such as -Dakoh for a person who is overweight -keyek for a person who is thin,. -ranjo or belo for a person who is tall, -cendek or dendek/dandak for short person. -Bijang, ambok for a person with blonde hair and grey hair respectively. butak for a person with bald head. -melong is for big eyes person. -bireng for a person with dark skin, -bodak for a person with white skin. Personality -nyerenceng is for talkative person, -beleke, is for a person who laugh a lot -kembois for easy crying person bingis for high tempered person. 6. Nick Names in Arabic. According to Zawaedah studying nicknames relates to Arab world is important for national guarantor because they are used as aliases. preferably of using ones real name, one may use a nickname to becloud their identity.A term for such system is nom de guerre (i. e. war name). Resistance fighters, terrorists, and guerilla fighters use pseudonyms to hide their identities and protect themselves and their families from harm. A nickname is a name that identifies a person, place, or event that is different from the formal given name of the referent. Nicknames are often not legally registered in ones prescribed documents. Examples Muammar Qathafi Al? Akh al? Aqid Brother Colonel Amin al? qawmiyyah al? Arabiyyah Keeper of Arab patriotism Sahib al? Kitab al? Akhdar Owner of the Green BookZuwaedah stated that Studying nicknames is important for national security because they are used as aliases. Instead of using ones real name, one may use a nickname to hide their identity. A term for such routine is nom de guerre (i. e. war name). Resistance fighters, terrorists, and guerilla fighters use pseudonyms to hide their identities and protect themselves and their families from harm. judgement the pseudonyms used by radical groups sheds light on their future intentions, perceptions, motivations, and friendship to the cause. (Guidere, 2006).Abu Hamza al-Muhajir (Abu Ayyub Al-Misri) chief of Al-Qaeda in Iraq. Hamza Ibn Abd Al? Muttalib Prophet Mohammads uncle. unrivaled of the bravest protectors of Islam. Muhajir he immigrated to Iraq to fight. Or it could refer to hijraof companions of Mohammad from Mecca to Medina. In Arab world nicknames are used for * Friendly daily conversations (face to face, on the phone, letters, e- mails, etc). use for endearment or respect. * Monarchs may be known by other nicknames. * Nabaz nicknames used to insult others (ex. Enemies), or used in the formation of swear words. Concealing i dentity * Computer users Chartrooms, e? mails, blogs, used asusernames. * Literary pen names publishing authors. * play names (ism shuhra)? actors, singers, dancers, etc. * Criminals, terrorists, etc (takhallus) especially the leaders have pseudonyms. 7. Types of Arabic nicknames 1. Asma dal Hypocoristics 2. Kunya Abu X 3. Nasab Ibn X patronymics 4. Laqab description 5. Nisba origin of person 6. Nabaz insulting names 1. Asma Dal Hypocoristics Arabic hypocoristic formation is very generative. Generation is largely based on the root of the name (Zawaydeh and Davis, 1999). Khalid has the following Jordanian and Egyptian nicknames * Khalluuude * Khalkuleeh * Khaluudi * Khalluuude * Khukhu * Khalkhul * Dido * Khokha When a full name has an affixial consonant, be it a prefix, suffix, or infix, the affixal consonant does not appear in the hypocoristic. Hypocoristic contains only root consonants, disregarding of what other consonants may be in the name. * MuhammadHammud * AhmadHammud * HamidHammud 2. Kunya In the Arab tradition, after a person gets married and has a child, s/he is called by the name of his eldest son (or daughter). Abu Muhammad father of Muhammad * Um Muhammad mother of Muhammad Highly used in the Arab World, and Muslims in general (ex Afghanistan, Pakistan). Some Kunyas are metaphorical. The second word uses a positive or negative attribute. * Abu Al? Khayrfather of goodness * Abu Dhubabfather of flies Not every Abu X is just a nickname. It could be also a surname. Ex. Palestinian surnames * Abu Hadeedafather of iron * Abu Minshaarfather of a saw * Abu Shamafather of a candle Used daily as an honorific to show respect to elders. Used by young men to address each other, for fun.Even one who is not married, or doesnt have a son may be called Abu X. As a nom de guerre. For example, Abu nicknames were popular among PLO leaders. * YasirArafat Abu Ammar * MahmoudAbbasAbu Mazen A terrorist may be known by a Kunya name. in India, the nickname Abu Al? Qam awas used by a member of the terrorist group Lashkar? e? Taiba in the Mumbai terror attacks 3. Nasab Nasab is a patronymic or a metronymic name. The word Ibn or bint (i. e. son/ daughter of) followed by the fathers name. Was used more ofttimes as an alias in historic times.The person was known as son of X instead of his first name. A chain of names reflects ones genealogical ancestors. Example * Ibn Khaldoun - Abd ar? Rahmanibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibnal? Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Jabir ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Abd ar? Rahman ibn Khaldun. Nasab .. current usage It is a standard way of reporting names in Saudi Arabia, and the Arabian Gulf. The head of the House of SaudMuhammad bin Saud bin Muhammad bin Muqrinbin Murkhanbin Ibrahim bin Musa bin Rabiabin Manibin Rabiaal? MuraydiAl? Duraal? banafiAl?Adnani Used online as alias names. future(a) word could be a colloquial or MSA adjective, a noun, a persons name, or a place name. * Ibn Falastineson of Palestine * Ibn Haj arson of a stone 4. Laqab This is a description of the person, that could be considered a title of nobility. It is often a two-word phrase, which often indicates the persons occupation, importance, or appearance. Originally, it was used as a nickname, and later adopted to be a title given to important people. * Sayfal? Din The sword of the religion * Nasiral? Dawlathe booster of the dynasty * Al? Jahizthe goggle? eyedA physical or personal quality. The phrase could be metaphorical. These could also be used as surnames. Al? Tawilthe tall one(could be a surname) Al? Andalibal? Asmarthe dark nightingale(Singer Abd Al? HalimHafiz) * Expressing adoration or reliance on God, or line of credit to the Prophet. Some use compound structures with words such as Allah, Abd, al-Din, al-Islam, al-Dawlah, or words used in titles * Al? Rais Al? Muminthe faithful presidentAnwar Al? Sadat * Amir Al? Mumininprince of the believersHusniMubarak * Sayfal? Islamsword of IslamOsama store Laden 5. NisbaAn adjective derived from the place of origin, birth, residence, or occupation. It could be also a clan, tribe, or family. Formed by adding iyy/-iy at the end of the word. Usually preceded by al- definite article. This form is also used for surnames. * Abu Ayyubal? Misri (from Egypt) * Salahal? Din Al? Ayyoubi (founder of Ayyoubi dynasty conquered crusaders) * Al? Ansari fighters born in Iraq (Ansaral? Sunna group) * This type of structure is used frequently to coin new surname aliases. 6. Nabaz Nabaz could be metaphors that are used to describe somebody that is disliked or considered to be an enemy. Jihadi style literary productions use such metaphors abundantly. Comparing the process of nicknames formation in Sasak meno-mene varity and Arabic, both process in nicknames formation in general it is quite different. The process of formation nicknames theme in Arabic is basis those six basis. This basis is not common in Sasak meno-mene varity. F. Conclussion From the discussion we can conclude as follows * Personal names in Lendang Sasak meno-mene varity mostly influenced by Arabic word and names. * Arabic names and Sasak names has similarities relates to Islamic way system of naming based on the hadist. There is no special rules in Sasak meno-mene varity in forming nick names compare to Arabic nicknames which on those 6 basis. * Most of Sasak nicknames formation are not influenced by Arabic nicknames formation. Sasak Personal names * Muhammad (personal names) become Amek (Nickname) While in Arabic names * Muhammad (personal names) becaome Hammuud (Nickname). * The similarity in nicknames formation is in the Arab tradition, after a person gets married and has a child, s/he is called by the name of his eldest son (or daughter). * Abu Muhammad father of Muhammad Um Muhammad mother of Muhammad While in Sasak tradition after a person get married he / she is called by his ledest son (or daughter) * Amaq Udin father of Udin * Inaq Udin mother of Udin * Mamiq Bambang father of Bambang * Meme Santi mother of Santi * Based on my onservation and analysis I found that the nicknames formation in Lendang Nangka nicknames varity are based on Truncation of personal names, phonological changing process, physical characteristic, attributions in term of social solidarity, friendliness and intimate. BiblographyIbin Duraid(d. 321H,n. d)Al-Ishtiqaq(Derivation). Revised by AbdulSalam Harron. Cairo Al-Khanachy Publishing House. Ibin Qutaybah (d. 267H. 1999) Adeb Al-Katib( The Writers Literature). capital of Lebanon Al-Resalah Publishers. Jaszezolt, K. M. (2002) Semantics and Pragmatics Meaning in Language and Discourse. London Longman. John and Levitt, J. (1975) People Have Names in Wallace, A. & Stageberg, N. (eds. ) Introductory Readings on Language. New York Rinehart and Winston. pp146-154. Dictionary of Islamic Terms. Damascus Dar Al-Yamamah. Langendock,V. 2008) scheme and Typology of Proper Names. http //www. degruyter. de/cont/. Retrived on 17th of Jan uary 2008. Murad, A. K. ( 1984) Asma? Al-Nass Ma anyha wa ASbab Al-Tasmiah Biha( Peoples Names Their Meanings and Reasons of Naming by them). Vol. I. Baghdad Dar Al-Huriah for Printing. Nina(2008) A Survey of the History of English Place Names. http //www. sca. org. Retrieved on 19th of February 2008. Pollock,J. L. (1982) Language and Thought. New Jersey Princeton University Press. Al-Samaray, I. (1961)Al-alam(Proper Names) in ledger of Faculty of Arts Vol. III.Baghdad University. pp3 -18. AlTha aliby,A. A. (d. 430H. 2007)Fiqih Al-lUghah wa Sirru Al-rabiah(Language Philology and the Secret of Arabic). Beirut DarAl-Marifah. Ulaiq,B. M. (2001)Al-Wafy fi Al-asma? Al-arabiah wa Ma6anyha( The Complete Text in Arabic Personal Names and their Meanings). Beirut Dar Al-amra?. Ullmann,S. (1962)Semantics An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. Oxford. Basil Blackwell. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nickname. Accesed on 11/1/2012 72530 PM http//oxforddictionaries. com/definition/english/nick name. 2012 Oxford University Press.

IELTS Tests

Task 1The bar chart below shows the percentage participation of work force in senior development in three companies between 1980 and the year 2010. tot up the information by selecting and report in the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. spell at least 150 wordsThe diagram illustrates the changes in proportion of masculine seniors in three giants including IBM, Microsoft and Apple over 30 years from 1980 to 2010. In sum, the three firms experienced an upward trend in terms of this indicator. Originally, in 1980, IBM had only approximately 2% of senior positions occupied by men with no significant change in the next 5 years. Afterwards, this name surged to over 10% in 1990 and 26% in 1995, surpassing that of 2 other companies. In 2000, the percentageaugmented reaching over 30% and even three-fold exceeding 60% in only 5 years later.Therefore, IBM obtained the highest enhancing railway yard in hiring males for senior levels. Regarding Microsoft, the period from 198 0 to 2000 witnessed a gradual increase in men involvement percentage in senior positions from roughly 7% to approximately 17%. Nonetheless, the statistic noticeably soared to nearly 45% in 2000. be to be mentioned, in 1980, there were 15% of Apple high positions put one overn in charge by males. This was followed by a light mutant during 20 years and finally ended at about 25% in 2010.This conversion turned Apple into the company having the lowest mankind participation in senior board comparing to IBM and Microsoft.Task 2 some(prenominal) people think that everyone has the right to use freshwater as a lot as they want some others believe that freshwater should be tightly controlled by governments terra firmawide because it is a limited resource. Discuss both views and select your opinion.It is popular that water creates creature. Nevertheless, the essential and priceless freshwater sources are organism vanished due to the humans massive use. This fact has lead to a tidings that whether water sources should be liberally accessed or put under set control of authorities. To begin with, as water touches every parts of our fooling life, protecting and conserving it should be among countrys top priorities. The government is competent to determine fresh water network manage to distribute impertinent water effectively to the community.Additionally, the government can allocate an adequate bar of water to individuals to ensure human and ecological health. This can help us to prevent water shortage and its tragic consequences. Furthermore, authorities can check the water quality and reassure citizens especially to avoid the influence of environmental pollutants and contamination worries.On contrary, it is also argued that everyone and all animals have equal chance to take advantage of Earth natural resources including water. This also plays a crucial eccentric in forming the base for a modern and advanced society. Moreover, restrictions on go through wa ter can result in the unavailability of this resource to deprived people as the corruption and the despoliation. The situation may be worse since water dispute can threaten field or world wide security.For what has been mentioned, I agree that regarding water as a national security issue can help to protect the resources. Nonetheless, it is critical that uprightness and policies are fair and assure individuals basic right. Besides, communities should come together to heighten awareness of water reservation.