Summary Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Summary - Lab Report ExampleEven today, both job that a person has, is somehow or the other related to the environment and thus an environmental studies educatee needs to evaluate his skills and define his values on a personal as well as societal level. In order to develop an academic plan, a pupil needs to understand the requirements for transfers to different universities, generally CSU and UC, which have been explained with respect to the marks, units and courses. Students have been clearly explained regarding how they need to go about understanding the requirements of the non-homogeneous departments within separately and every course in these unhomogeneous colleges so that they have options once they get out of school in order to make themselves productive. The A.A degree is then emphasized upon which requires a total of 90 units. The various major and minor environmental studies plans have been talked about and the vitality that an internship holds in the life of a studen t has been greatly discussed in order to religious service the students understand that only when they work in various fields give they understand what interests them and what excites them. Therefore, the options that an environmental studies student has have been deliberated upon along with the various credentials associated with each and every course which may be beneficial during the course of his study. Every student needs to check his major requirements as his academic plan will ultimately consist of a GE or general education and a major. Students require a guide and De Anza College provides exactly that for them to be lead towards the various programs and questions were encouraged greatly. The teacher again and again highlighted the need for preparing a strong mission statement because that in it would act as a blueprint for the student towards his course achievement. A tremendous amount of c arers in the environmental studies field was talked about like the jobs in fields o f recycling, energy, agriculture etc. and how each student can lastly contribute towards fostering the environment and making a difference. Teachers from universities like the San Jose University spoke about the various departments and courses that they offer as well as the areas of expertise that they excel in and unique features of their programs which include an excellent atmosphere for learning as well as the personal attention provided to each and every student and the internships that they are entitled to as part of the program. The environmental studies degree is very flexible because there are various job opportunities and so students are taught to be focused but be light on their feet in order to move from one field to another under the same branch. The blink of an eye class mostly emphasized on the various careers that a student can get into, taking into account the internships that one must undergo originally associating himself with a particular job for example an ener gy management advocate, biologist working in various fields, undertaking work in the biodiversity etc. and age must be spent reviewing various books in order to work towards the final journal which would include the path that each student would want to finally undertake instead of simply juggling the various options. A concrete academic plan consists of focusing on a single area which end-to-end the course would be made. Various organizations like eco.org were talked about with respect to job opportunities

Creation of the Food Dye Coloring of a New Drink Lab Report

Creation of the Food Dye Coloring of a New soak up - Lab Report ExampleFood burnishing involves the intention of chemicals that add the intended color to the food. It is added often to drinks, condiments, and processed foods with the major aim of improving or maintaining the way a certain food appears. The main goal of this experiment is to come up with a dye solution that has the same composition as the one contained in a given commercial beverage. Synthesizing artificial dyes is cheaper compared to naturally occurring ones. Food dyes are important because they are use for numerous functions. They are used by manufacturers to enhance colors which occur naturally, providing the identity of foods, decorative purposes like in cakes color the colorless foods, provide consistency where varieties exist in the coloring, and in avoiding color losses resulting from environmental elements.Food dyes that are commonly used are pure organic chemicals, therefore, their use is limited to very s mall concentrations. The dyes which have been ratified to be used in foods, drugs, and cosmetics are referred to as FD&C dyes. They are mainly large organic molecules that are developed to enhance or color the foods. Food dyes are used in very low concentrations which have been tested to be safe when consumed by human beings. Dyes occur either in natural form or artificial form. Natural dyes are obtained from natural sources such as minerals, animals, and plants while artificial ones are produced synthetically.This experiment is limited to the use of UV-Vis spectrometer in determining absorbencies of various samples.

Summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Summery - Essay ExampleAn honourable decision, according to this model, requires good awareness, ethical judgment, ethical intention, and ethical behaviour. The Multidimensional Ethics Scale is then used by the authors to evaluate the level of justice and ethical decision making power in the story students. For the purpose of this study, the authors use samples of accounting students from 2 different countries, the US and Taiwan. The study aims to examine how culture affects the ethical decision making power of accounting students specifically. The quaternion dimension model used with MES revealed that US students were more motivated to use egoism for decision making in the given 3 scenarios. On the different hand Taiwanese students used deontology dimension. The relativism is often ignored by the US students, whereas, Taiwanese students gave it more consideration in one of the scenarios presented. The individualism is a preeminent concept in the US culture. Hence, it can be re lated to the egoism that is apparent in the judgements of the US students. Taiwanese place more emphasis on uncertainty avoidance for rules and contracts hence, deontology in the Taiwanese ethical judgements is expected as per their cultural practices. Hence, the study achieves its aim of concluding that there, indeed, is a relationship between ethical judgments and cultural

Two Gallants by James Joyce Essay Example for Free

Two G solelyants by pile Joyce EssayJames Joyces tommyrot Two Gallants presents a coloring materialful presentation of Ireland through the use of delivery, and their combination with some other speech to form vivid phrases, throughout the invention. It faecal matter as well as be said that the symbolisms in the story, through the aid of the pairing of speech communication and adjectives, are quite easily observable in the sense that, as a whole, the story presents several ironies in the lives of individuals who live their lives close to those of average individuals. The presentation of imagination throughout the story is as compelling as it is also poignant. Right at the opening lines of the story, it batch already be noticed that the compose is trying to establish a portrait of the setting. With the line the grey warm evening of fantastic already suggests the legal opinion of sobriety amid a warm evening to the point of being close to dullness as it sets the moo d for the proceeding paragraphs in the story. The color grey suggests the fine line between white and black, which all the more makes sense when added with the line warm evening in August, thus implying the feeling that the fonts in the story are just about to commence with what they have in mind just about when the evening sets in. The first paragraph of the story obviously establishes the mood of the setting, notable with the authors use of the lines a mild, warm air, a memory of summer, circulated in the streets which suggests that summer has been over although there is all the same the feeling of summer around the area, and the authors comparison of the shining lamps to that of illumined pearls is a metaphor which adds not only color but also a certain feel of the setting. The same can also be said about the authors description of the street which can be ascertained from the description of the author in which the light from the lamps change shape and hue unceasingly as the str eets are swarmed with a gaily colored crowd. The author also provides an interesting initial description of Corley and Lenehan, the two main characters in the story. Lenehan was described as someone who wore an amused listening face spell Corley was about to desist his long monologue. The eyes of Lenehan were twinkling with cunning enjoyment as he listened to Corleys stretch of narrative. It can be said that the choice of words of the author in partially describing the characters are, at the least, vivid and vibrant.The use of the words twinkling and amused to describe the eyes and the face of the characters respectively tells us more than what can apparently be said about the descriptions. The words transcend beyond mere description as they give a different kind of kernel or characteristic to the face and eyes of Lenehan and Corley respectively. A listening face, for the most part, tell us that Lenehan was very attentive to the narrative of Corley precisely because the fountain did not only listen with his ears but with his amused face. Another interesting part where the author describes Lenehan is the part where the author compares Lenehan to a leech, as that was the characters affectionate reputation. That is the part where the authors choice of a term that will best befit the character of Lenehan tells us the extend of the imaging of the author, reflecting the depth of the skills of James Joyce in selecting words that do not only have deep metaphorical values but also have social relevance. That being said, the imagery of the character of Lenehan is already summarized right after the author described him as a leech because, for all we know, a leech sucks subscriber line or spirit out of others. In essence, the term leech to describe Lenehan was already a huge and provocative statement in itself. On the other hand, the authors presentation of the image of Corley is equally amusing as it is vivid and describes the character in a crafty manner. Joyce describes Corley as the son of a police inspector, who has large, globular and oily head which sweated in all weathers. The words used by the author to illustrate the image of Corley is amusing simply because of the words globular and oily, which also suggests that, indeed, Joyce is an author who makes sense out of words which are considered to be out of the ordinary in describing individuals in real life situations.That observation only leads us to the observation that Joyce is indeed focused on writing a story that is very well within the bounds of corking literature. To describe a persons head as globular and oily is also a statement in itself as those two words already give the reader a specific mental image of what Corley looks like. The choice of words illustrates all the more the capacity of the author to turn words into powerful adjectives. Among the lists of the presentation of imagery in the story include but is not limited to the large faint moon circled with a double p ack, and the ill disc of the moon which became veiled and appeared to meditate. Seldom can one encounter these descriptions of the moon at nighttime largely because the interest to describe the surroundings is either usually find in the literary world or in rare occasions of the sudden outburst of ones fancy in real life cases.Indeed, Joyce once again delivers the literary touch in terms of diction and presentation of imagery, correlating the features of short story with that of the experience of the characters which calculate to linger between reality and fantasy. By describing the moon as a large, pale and faint disc surrounded by a double halo while appearing to meditate, the portrayal of the moon comes in full circle. The moon is depicted not merely as an inanimate object be adrift in the night sky but as an object which appears to meditate a description which is characteristic among individuals who seek comfort in silence. Joyces mode of using words that usually relate t o the activities of living humans to an inanimate object is reflective of personification. By combining the words which can sincerely describe inanimate objects to that of a word which is largely attributed to animate objects gives the reader the feeling that the inanimate object, which in this case is the moon, appears before Lenehan as an object which is twain animate and inanimatea seeming paradox. Nonetheless, this seeming paradox is understandable as it is one which is aimed at presenting an imagery which is not strictly or unaccompanied confined within the bounds of real possibilities. There is a part in the story where the movement of Corleys head is described as char to and fro as if to toss parenthesis an insistent insect while Corleys brows gathered. The description of the movement of Corleys head gives the reader the feeling that, while reading and imagining the action of Corley simultaneously in ones imagination, the shaking of the head must have been swift and forc eful as if to toss aside an insistent insect. It gives the reader the impression that Corley was irritated while his brows gathered, suggesting that he was also showing signs of doubt pressed with a lingering suspense or reservation somewhere in his mind. Indeed, Joyces use of diction in this part clearly highlights the authors efforts to give life to what can be considered as a character in print. It animates, so to speak, a character which is technically inanimate. More importantly, the various names of streets mentioned in the story all point to the Irish-Catholic Dubliners with the English, sending the reader the impression upon closer examination that the story operates within the background of an Irish and English perspectives. It can also be observed that the story makes certain references to certain colors, such as blue and white in describing what the housekeeper was wearing.The colors blue and white can be attributed to the colors of the vestments of the Virgin Mary, whi ch again works a paradox precisely because the housekeeper who Corley went with is not a virgin in the strictest sense of the word. Thus, the choice of words of the author of the story is not merely based on the fancy of the mind or in random choosing of colors. Rather, and more importantly, the colors chosen were selected to signify socially, or religiously pertinent criticisms. To a certain extent, it can be said that the criticism that Joyce is trying to impress upon the reader with the colors blue and white is the idea that the Irish social club during those times, especially the religious church, has failed in maintaining the moral and religious foundations of the people in many ways. Joyce gives the chilling idea that from where the church has failed, the people have picked on those failings to do about their dealings with others. Corley, Lenehan and the woman housekeeper are examples to illustrate that point in the story. It is important to note that the Two Gallants gives us a fine look into James Joyces ability to flesh out words and use them to bring characters to life, to make inanimate objects turn into animate creatures, and to make social criticisms. The presentation of imagery throughout the story is vivid and vibrant which is met by Joyce through his artistry with diction and in using that diction as a means to create a story with a sensible plot, one that goes beyond the pages and reflects the society during that time.Work CitedJoyce, James. Two Gallants. Dubliners. Prestwick House, Inc., 2006. 41-50.

Impact of jet on vanes Essay Example for Free

Impact of jet on vanes EssayThe impact of jet experiment is to demonstrate and swear the integral momentum equation.1. In lay man terms, its another way to understand fluid pressure by using the pressure to race the fluid to a plate by a high velocity in a jet which in result will generate armament due to impulse. The graph will show forces against momentum with different design plates. This experiment helps us to understand about fluid pressure also gives us a better understanding about fluid related machines. These Terms have the same force and effect as an cartel signed in writing. If you do not agree to these Terms, you may not use the Service. Each time you entranceway, upload, or download any content from the Service, you signify your agreement to the then-current terms. This Agreement is subject to change at any time therefore, you are responsible to review these Terms regularly to learn about any changes. We will fleck an updated version of these Terms if we modify them. You understand and agree that your ongoing use of the Service after we post or provide notice of the changes to this Agreement federal agency that you accept and confirm that the updated Terms apply to you. The laws of the State of California govern this Agreement. You agree to resolve any dispute with us as provided in the contention Resolution Procedures described in Sections 21 and 22 below, which include arbitration and the options you have with arbitration. We use the term You to mean the person or entity who will access or use the Service as an end user. The term Login means the combination of unique username and password that is used to access our Service. A login is a freedom to use a site, application or service for a period of time that is specified. Membership or Members means a single registration and/or subscription account per user of a valid username and password (login) for the service during the term of a subscription. We or us in this Agreement shall mean its brands, affiliates, subsidiaries and operating divisions.

Analysis of Saudi Arabias Restaurant Industry

Analysis of Saudi-Arabian Arabias Restaurant IndustryIntroductionIn this paper we impart discuss the eating place Industry in Saudi Arabia which is growing unfluctuatinger than anywhere else in the region it is growing at a pace that is exceeding its infrastructure wwith distinct range of prices and classes, starting form as low as $1.00 USD and going up to $75.00 USD if youre into fancy eaterys1.The eating place pains is very divers and large including cafes/bars, full-service eating places, fast food, space delivery and street stalls, all types of restaurants have a wide range of food specialization from ethnic, inter home(a), and local.There be also three chief(prenominal) types of investors in weighent owners, international franchise, and local restaurant drawing strings.A restaurant chain is a set of related restaurants, typically with the same name in umteen different locations either under sh bed corporate ownership e.g. Al-Baik and Herfy. Typically, the restaura nts inwardly a chain are built to a standard format and put up a standard menu.A franchise is a right granted to an individual or group to market a companys goods or services within a certain territory or location. Some examples of todays popular franchises in Saudi Arabia are McDonalds, Sub manner, and Dominos pizza pie.In order to analyze the attractiveness of the restaurant Industry in Saudi Arabia we will employ three different analytical tools, Porter five forces, assessment of the macro market environment k in a flash as (PESTLE Analysis), and SWOT abridgment. Based on our analysis we will offer an advice to any new firm considering take downing the restaurant pains in Saudi Arabia.PESTLE AnalysisThe effect of the Saudi politics on the restaurant painsSaudi Arabia is ruled by the family of Al Saud who since the establishment of their kingdom tell that it is ruled by the Islamic law. The Al Saud family also affirmed that they are committed to supporting the economic ma turation and be part of the developed nations. This design is very challenging to achieve because fundamentalist Muslims refuse the idea of globalization, this lay a moderate political risk on the regime. On the other hand, this political situation affects the restaurant industry positively because the restaurant industry re main(prenominal)s the major uncontested method of entertainment among Saudis. Particularly, by law, all restaurants are require to have single-males section separated from the family section to adhere to the tradition and religious requirements.Moreover, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is perceived as the leader of the Muslim world, because it is the home townspeople of Makah which Muslims from all over the world must visit at least once in their life time to complete the fifth pillar of their religion. This makes Saudi Arabia suffers from a tension in its international relationships mainly after the in timet of 911 because close to of the western sandwich count ries are holding the kingdom partially responsible for 9/11.This political situation is one(a) of the main strength of the restaurant industry in Saudi with no cinemas or night clubs, eating out becomes the main source of entertainment for some of the population. There is an appetite for new restaurants that exceeds any other region in the world2. The effect of the Saudi law and mandate on the restaurant industryThe recent ruler of the Saudi Arabia, king Abdullah, is respected internally and internationally for his efforts to fight terrorism and his large amount of humans spending on tidy up plans have helped the country to overcome3most of its economic obstacles.The kingdoms major step toward reform was the application for membership of the World mess Organization (WTO) and making consistent legal changes to meet with its requirements, but still there is mistrust from the Privet sectors toward the government, because of the unnecessary bureaucratic practices and inappropriate regulations that are seen as heavy for the competitive market. Some areas are over regulated while others are under regulated. It takes almost six months to register a company, and the company must present a proof that it has substantial sum of money to invest, not less than $10,000.However, the regulatory changes made in recent years appear to have been of most beneficiaries to those Saudi companies which are seeking to expand through alliances with foreign investors4. Nevertheless, the law requires foreign investors to have a Saudi partner and the Saudi partner, individual or company, will have the majority of control over the business.Over all, the legal process is very complex and financially risky whether you are opening a bitty business or a major enterprise. The government should amend these processes to encourage foreign investments.The effects of Saudi economic on the restaurant industryThe Kingdom is experiencing accelerated emersion due to recent oil price spikes. Th e positive effect has been a rise in per capita GDP from approximately $8100 (1999) to $9575, or 18%, by 2005. Combine this with the fact that the Kingdom has one of the worlds fastest growing populations (3.5% per year) and you are faced with an expanding market with good disposable income levels.AC Nielsen question reports that the Saudi economy is anticipate to grow 8.7% this year, mainly fuelled by the high oil prices as well as strong private sector growth5Saudi remains the largest market in the entire Gulf. Many view Dubai as the showcase but Saudi proves to be the sales room and change generator.Due to fact that Saudi Arabia is a third world country, it depends on imported goods and technology, the government commitments to the economic expansion creates job opportunities for professional trained foreigners and depend on them to fulfill the countrys ambitious development strategies. According to HSBC Bank Saudi Arabia is classified as the second in the wealth of profession al trained foreigners. Saudi Arabia is ranked twenty two among other countries in the tourism sector.Moreover, Saudi Arabia hosts over five million pilgrims yearly from all over the world approach shot for Hajj and Ummrah. Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam which all Muslims must perform at least once in their life time. The restaurant industry is one of the major Beneficiaries from such advantage.Therefore, the government has been actively considering to expand what is believed to be billions of dollars worth of income in the tourism sector by attracting international tourists to the Kingdoms historic sites, in the mid-2008, a package of new relaxed visa rules were released allowing more groups from Europe to visit the Kingdom with a group tourist visa, which years before was unheard of. This policy has created a new segment for the Saudi restaurant industry.Also, the large number of foreigners, coming as workers or as tourist and pilgrims, with their ethnic fundamentgroun d are considered the back bone for the restaurant industry.The effect the social characteristics on the restaurant industryTradition and religion encourage Muslims to be hospitable and sociable. Inviting guests and friends to banquet in their home is the norm in Saudi Arabia.In Saudi Arabia Segregation between opposite gender exist in most sectors of public eservices, schools, universities, banks, this segregation unguaranteed job opportunities for large number of Saudi females. In the destruction few years it became easier to entertain guests and family to a restaurant for the busy working females or even have the restaurant food and staff to entertain them at home.Dining out became a habit among all social classes in the Kingdom with the omit of other entertainment venues due to religious issues. Therefore the trend of eating out is constantly growing among them.6This social characteristic will have a blooming and flourishing effect on the restaurant industry in Saudi Arabia whe re the main entertainment is going out restaurant.Perhaps the most sound out feature of the demography is its young population where more the 59% are under 24 years of age. And part of the Saudi government or reform is to develop its workforce to achieve this goal the government sends over one hundred thousand young students to peruse their higher education in extremely developed countries every year. These large numbers of young people live abroad for almost five to seven years comes back with food and restaurant likes that they adopted during their scholarship.7This opened the door widely for international franchise in Saudi Arabia Some of the franchises that are currently present in Saudi Arabia, McDonalds, Hardees, Burger King, Popeye, Chilies, TGI, Fuddruckers, Pizza Hut among many others and are very popular among this young population along with foreign workforce, tourist, and pilgrims.The effect of technology and the environment of the restaurant industryThe last of the tw o macro marketing environment forces are the technological and the environmentalIn Saudi Arabia Technology in the restaurant industry is not restrain to basic kitchen appliances and tools. However, one may not expect some complex equipments are used in the restaurant industry. Many restaurants are leading the way in regards to credit card processing and point-of-sale technologies, introducing new ways to serve their customers and increase the overall convenience of the dining experience. Of course, restaurants chains and franchise are the main benefactors of this development in communication8In Saudi Arabia there is no significant awareness from the government or most of the population to the environmental issues. All the restaurants that uses recycle paper or green energy are mostly international franchise applying their Owen corporate policy as part of their statePorters 5 Forces Analysis Threat of New Entrants. The restaurant industry is the easiest to enter basically anyone wh o can cook, with the minimize capital amount can enter the business. Barriers to enter this industry are mainly in the bureaucratic regulation that might take time but this is not considered a serious barrier.Power of Suppliers. opus there are plenty of food supplies, but they depend on imported material because Saudi Arabia is not an agricultural country. The import of food and foodstuffs are estimated to exceed $7 billion annually and the Kingdom remains the leading market in the region. Except for date and milk all other unprocessed materials are imported. There are big numbers of suppliers and prices are controlled by the government. Only international food chains franchise might be compel to buy its raw material from a certain supplier.Power of Buyers. The balance of power is shifting toward buyers. With so many restaurants the competition is very high. Buyers are everlastingly looking for the best quality and price. Going to restaurant is not an essential people are always ready to try something new. With Variety of products to choose from, local, ethnic, and western couple with intense competition lead buyers seeks lower prices and better services. Disposable income levels and an expanding shopping mall culture are assisting this growthAvailability of Substitutes. Substitutes for the restaurant industry in general include alternative form of entertainment like cinemas or night club. The available entertainment substitute is the shopping malls, where people will go shopping, or window shopping. Most fast food chains are showing positive growth and are ever present in all the new shopping mallsCompetitive Rivalry. Even though there are no figures revealing the size of this lucrative market, a high industry growth rate is intensifying the competitive rivalry the presence of so many available substitutes are a particularly challenging situation for some firmsSWOT Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities ThreatsThe Saudi restaurant industry is weak in econom ies of casing and labor productivity. Its strength is the ability to attract huge capital and labor with it nudeness to the world market. The restaurant industry is showing significant growth, on the other hand, this open market has intensified an open competition. The diversified culture of Saudi Arabia is the mark to exploit Economies of scope. Also, exploiting the economies of scale is also an opportunity.The consumer preference for differentiated and healthy products is also another opportunity to exploit in enhancing the economies of scope. Although, the anticipated low population growth in the future could be a major threat as it would decrease the quantity of demand coupled with the increase in the retail chain the significant increase in small households and working women will create new opportunities for the restaurant industry.Conclusion and recommendationIn this assignment we carried out an analysis of the restaurant industry competitiveness in Saudi Arabia by employin g three different analytical tools, PESTLE Analysis, Porter Five Forces, and SWOT Analysis. Based on our analysis we concluded with the following findings and advices to any new firm considering entering the restaurant industry in Saudi Arabia.The strength of the restaurant industry lies on its ability to attract huge capital and labor with it openness to the world market. The restaurant industry is showing significant growth faster than anywhere in the world.Many factors have contributed to this fast growth as such as the political, economical, and low labor market and other socio-cultural factors.The economical and political outlook for restaurant industry in Saudi Arabia is very encouraging, government shows commitment and support to economic growth which is reflected in its double-digit increase in government expenditures on many aspects that are related to the restaurant business.Furthermore, currently, the government economic plan emphasizes the strengthening the growing priva te sector business opportunities with focus on increasing the national and foreign investments as public spending has increased by 15.8% the government has increased the budget for new projects by 36%.One of the most promise aspects for the restaurant industry is the social changes in Saudi Arabia. For example, the role of females in the social and economic life is dramatically changing as women are now allowed to enter the work force and have huge impact on the purchasing power and certainly a change in womens lifestyle that is gold to the restaurant industry.On the other hand, the legal process in Saudi is very complex and financially risky whether you are opening a small business or a major enterprise. The government should amend these processes to encourage further foreign investments. Also, the Saudi restaurant industry is weak in economies of scale and labor productivity.Based on the above findings, we strongly recommend and encourage any firm to enter the Saudi market keepi ng in sagaciousness the following pointsThe restaurant industry is highly competitive in terms of price, service, location, and food quality and is affected by changes in consumer trends, economic conditions, demographics, traffic patterns, and concerns round the nutritional content of foods.shifting dietary preferences among consumers in favor of alternative foods can open the doors for niche marketThe growth of the restaurant industry is expected to generally stay the same over the next few years and it can be considered a blue ocean.The restaurant industry is affected greatly by globalization and it will continue to be.

Motives of internalization and strategic advantages and traits

Motives of internalization and strategic advantages and traitsInter groundalization after part be defined as the desire to be a member of the planetary society by satisfying a certain standard, or strengthening the play of a nation on other nations. It becomes the wait on where multinational enterprise (MNE) engaging, it is very important for these companies to penetrate worldwide commercialise if they want to be accepted and remain successful. (Sreenivasan Jayashree and Sahal Ali Al-Marwai). The internationalisation dish out helps MNEs in maturate their operation in contradictory market and enhance their competitive position abroad. match to Hedman (1993), leash main alternatives for distributing the enterprises product exist, that is, verifying export, direct export and alternatives to export. When distributing indirectly, the different distribution activities ar assigned to wholeness or several intermediaries in the home market. When distributing directly, the produce r itself conducts the distribution activities, much(prenominal) as distribution to a external importer, which in his turn forward the products to another intermediary or the end customer. (Molnar, 1990) the third alternative, alternatives to export, can return key dapple through and through, for instance, sustain production in the target country, or licensing (Hedman, 1993).The rapid changes in todays backing world call for new feignings of internationalisation (Fillis, 2001 Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006), in particular to be able to obtain the early phase of internationalization in a better manner than the traditional models (Johanson and Vahlne, 2003). In contemporary research, Coviello and McAuley (1999), in line with Leonidou and Katsikeas (1996), oblige pointed at three theory directions that be preferable for studying internationalization, namely orthogonal Direct investment (FDI)-theories (a.k.a., the theory of the Multinational Firm), spot models and Network theory. Even though these atomic sub collectable 18 different theory directions, they be seen to be complementary views where a combination of views is preferred since it is herculean to capture the internationalization concept using only hotshot theoretical framework (Bell et al., 2003 Bjrkman and Forsgren, 2000 Coviello and Munro, 1997 Meyer and Skak, 2002). Network theory is increasingly being combined with stage theory in pronounce to understand and explain the rapid internationalization of the firm (in Bell et al., 2003 Johanson and Vahlne, 1990, 2003 Meyer and Skak, 2002).The process of internationalization has been the subject of widespread theoretical and empirical research (for example, Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul 1975 Johanson and Vahlne 1977 Bilkey 1978 Cavusgil 1980 Turnbull 1987 Welch and Loustarinen 1988) and finds a general acceptance in the books (Bradley 1991 Buckley and Ghauri 1993 Leonidou and Katsikeas 1996). The internationalization process is described as a delaying development taking place in distinct stages (Melin 1992). internationalisation processes in rising markets, as in international markets in general, take place in a stepwise manner (Jansson, 2007). Companies commit themselves through a gradual learning process. Learning is additive and takes place by doing. Firms learn about doing business abroad, for example, learning about the conditions in particular markets. Companies tend frontmost to build themselves in geographically and culturally proximate markets and increase their committal, starting with agents, and passing through sales companies to manufacturing companies (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977 Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975).Within the last decades, the business world has changed drastically through globalization and internationalization -creating a new and fierce business environment for companies. We can now see a third wave of internationalization of firms in which companies domiciled in mature occidental mar kets establish themselves on a large scale in emerging markets such as Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), Russia, China and India (Jansson, 2007).A new phenomena of firm from Asian capital exporting countries were internationalizing and multinationalizing their business activities and cod emerged or are emerging as Asian multinational enterprises (World Bank, 1993). They started the internationalizing activities and investing and setting up operation in other countries since mid-1980. Research interest which focus on these Asian enterprises and their direct coronation activities arise in recent years (Ting, 1985 Ulagado et al., 1994 Yeung 1994, 1997). Foreign direct investment (FDI) started on the early 1980s. According to studies done by Lall, 1983Well, 1983 Kumar and McLeod, 1981 Khan, 1986 Monkiewicz, 1986 Aggarwal and Agmon,1990 Tolentino, 1993, FDI of Third World multinational enterprises (TWMNEs), slightly different with the traditional MNEs from the western sandwich substa ntial countries in term of their characteristic. The growth of East Asia (World Bank, 1993) in late 1980 and early 1990, has increased intra- roleal direct investment. The directed investment process from Japan , followed by Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and capital of Singapore and the activities transferring from one level of economies to another in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand has been depicted as wild flying geese pattern. (Toh and Low,1994 Guisinger, 1991). As a result, these Asian capital exporting countries firm internationalizing and multinationalizing their business activities and have emerged or are emerging as Asian multinational enterprises (World Bank, 1993).Problem StatementDuring these extremely competitive times, the international business environment is one that is normally full of immense uncertainty, volatility as well as a high rate of failure when it comes to international expansion The research on the nature, organization and operations of these emerging Asian international and multinational enterprises are limited. This is beca economic consumption research in international business and shift has been dependent largely upon economistic and western-centric theories substantial predominantly in industrial and institutional economics (Buckley and Casson, 1985 Dunning, 1988, 1993). A study shown internationalization is the crucial factor for a firm to grow and develop economically and expertly (Syed Zamberi Ahmad and Fariza Hashim, 2007). Hence, it is very important for multinational companies to conduct a comprehensive examination of the versatile important factors that could influence the type of scheme that is to be selected for international market ingress.1.3 ObjectivesThis research is dedicated to all local Malaysian companies who are looking at ways and means to internationalize their operations to a contradictory market and would be of tremendous assistance to them in determining the correct strategic path and improve the unde rstanding of the Asian MNEs characteristic.1.4 Research QuestionAccording to the problem statement above, the author has blueprintulated much or less question to meet the research objective. The question are What are the key characteristics and success of their foreign ventures?What are the motives for internationalization?What are the entry strategies?What are the strategic advantages and traits?Research ContributionGovernment Through this study, regimen can carry out some government policy to lead more firm success in their international proses in expanding their business.Firms This study provides information to provide better understand characteristic and strategy for the purpose of internationalization which can increase the net profit of the firm.Economic This study enable economist to better understand how development of economic on a country can help MNEs in their internationalization process.1.6 SummaryThis study proposal consists 3 chapters. Chapter 1 provides the overv iew of the recent phenomena of internationalization, the problem statement, objectives, and question. Chapter 2 displays literature review by past research, followed by concept and theories, and research framework. Chapter 3 describes the research methodology, sampling technique, data collection, data analysis and research planning that use to analysis the finding in Chapter 4.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThis chapter reviews the past studies about the concept and theory which included internationalization process, entry notes and process, eclecticist explanation, foreign direct investment, regional and global internationalization processes, Uppsala model and Asian context. After that it follows by the research framework.2.2 Concept and Theory2.2.1 Internationalization processesInternationalization processes in emerging markets, as in international markets in general, take place in a stepwise manner (Jansson, 2007). Companies commit themselves through a gradual learning process. Learning is additive and takes place by doing. Firms learn about doing business abroad, for example, learning about the conditions in particular markets. Companies tend first to establish themselves in geographically and culturally proximate markets and increase their commitment, starting with agents, and passing through sales companies to manufacturing companies (Johanson and Vahlne, 1977 Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975). Research on the exports of mainly North American companies has reached correspondent results (Bilkey, 1978 Cavusgil, 1980 Czinkota, 1982 Reid, 1981). Such process theories are highly useful especially when studying international 66 H. Jansson, S. Sandberg / Journal of International instruction 14 (2008) 65-77 business in CEE. Learning processes are essential since the company needs to adapt to an emerging and different business context, such as exists in the CEE (Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006).As noted by Sharma and Blomstermo (2003b) a basic assumption in internationalization process theory is that experience accumulation is continuous and dependent upon the duration of foreign operations. The longer firms have been involved in foreign operations, the more intimacy they accumulate about such operations. There is a relationship amidst knowledge accumulation and risk of infection so that the more knowledge a firm has, the less uncertain they perceive the foreign market to be. Firms that lack knowledge about foreign markets in time tend to overestimate risks. This corresponds to what Jansson (1989) found concerning establishment processes in a regional perspective, namely that the pace of investments in southernmosteast Asian countries accelerated, the more experienced the firms became in an area. Johanson and Vahlne (1990) stated that Uppsala model of internationalization indicated firms reveal an evolutionary process in internationalizing through a series of evolutionary stage.2.2.2 Entry nodes and entry processesFirms enter ing emerging markets face several barriers according to Meyer (2001). These barriers include a lack of information, unclear regulations and corruption. According to traditional research on internationalization processes, market entries either take place through intermediaries such as agents or distributors or through a firms own representative in the exporting/importing country, mainly a subsidiary.In terms of research in this area, scholars have found that relationships are at the core of the internationalization process (Axelsson and Johanson, 1992 Ford, 2002 Hkansson, 1982 Hkansson and Snehota, 1995 Hammarkvist et al., 1982 Jansson, 1994, 2007 Johanson and Vahlne, 2003 Majkgrd and Sharma, 1998).According to the network approach to internationalization, entries into local market networks take place through establishing relationships. The international marketing and purchasing of products and know-how through a direct exporter/importer network means that a vertical network in the exporting region (e.g. a suppliers supplier network) is indirectly connected to another vertical network in the importing region (e.g. a buyers buyer network). This large vertical network will, in turn, be embedded in other regional and national networks, such as a financial network (Jansson, 2006, 2007).From a network perspective, establishment points in foreign market networks are defined as entry nodes. There are various routes into these networks, or nodes by which a firm can enter a network. Entries through trade either take place H. Jansson, S. Sandberg / Journal of International Management 14 (2008) 65-77 67 directly with customers or indirectly through intermediaries. Direct relationships, dyads, can be launch amidst buyer and seller in the individual countries. Indirect relationships, triads, involve an outside party or other type of entry node, usually an intermediary such as an agent, dealer or distributor. Dyads can similarly be established through the entry mode FDI (a subsidiary in the importing country).Entry processes take place by building relationships to form networks in foreign markets. Ir single of entry node, the development of international buyer/seller relationships tends to follow a five stage pattern (Ford, 1980, 2002 Ford et al., 1998). individually stage of the entry process can be described by a number of relationship factors, such as how the experience, commitment and adaptations of the parties increase crossways the stages and how the distance and uncertainty between them are reduced across the stages.The first stage includes the taking-up of marketing/purchasing activities before a formal relationship begins. The neighboring three stages show how direct buyer-seller relationships within networks are established from their beginning and to their deepening. Experience indicates the amount of experience the respective parties have with each other. They will estimate their partners commitment to the relationship, e.g. by the willingness to make adaptations. Distance is multifaceted and it can be split into social, cultural, technological, time and geographic distance. Uncertainty deals with the fact that at the initial stages, it is difficult to assess the potential rewards and be of the relationship. In the fifth and final stage, the relationship is extensively institutionalized and habitual, with commitment being taken for granted.Based on Terpstra and Sarathy, 1991 and Baek, 2003, colligation ventures with host governments and local partners in the host country were among the preferred entry strategies for international operational operation. Petronas in South Africa entered into a commercial alliance with Engen in 1996 as a strategic partner. The acquisition was to enable both companies to implement a shared growth strategy in Africa and the Indian Ocean Rim, spell allowing the development of potential operational synergies between the two business entities (Padayachee and Valodia, 2002).2.2.3 e clecticist ExplanationEclectic Paradigm is a proverbial known explanation of international production.Dunnings (1977, 1988, 1993, 1995). Eclectic Paradigm stated that the extent and pattern of international production is determined by1) Ownership advantages (for example, proprietary technology, products, expertise and skill)2) Internalization advantages (for example, transaction costs reduction, maximize economic return), and3) Location advantages of host and home countriesThese OLI (Ownership Location Internalization) variables listed above explain the reason internationalization occurs but overlook the dynamic process of internationalization. The Eclectic paradigm is provided by the Investment Development Path (Dunning, 1981, 1986) with a dynamic dimension, and relates the net external investment of a country to its stage of economic development. five dollar bill stages of IDP ( Investment Development Path)Stage 1 At low level of economic development, there is little indwelling or outward investments.Stage 2 Inward investment becomes attractive, especially in import substitution projects as the country develops. Some outward investment may take place in neighborly countries which at lower stages of development. Most growing countries with some outward investments are at this stage.Stage 3 With economic development come across forward, net inward investment declines while outward investment increases (relative to inward investment). Increasing of outward investment may take place in countries at lower IDP stages in order to overcome cost disadvantages in labour intensive industries and also to seek markets or strategic assets. Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea are said to be at this stage.Stage 4 As production being multinationalized, net outward investment becomes positive. Most genuine countries are at this stage.Stage 5 The shift from advantages based more on factor endownment to those based on internalizing international market convergent outward and inward investment flows.Empirical research on Third World (including Asian) multinationals has given general support to the IDP concept (Dunning, 1986 Tolentino, 1993 Dunning Narula, 1996 Lall, 1996). Dunning and Narula (1996) acknowledge that country factors may influence the IDP pattern of a country, such as resource endownment, home market size, industrialization strategy, government policy, and the organization of economic activities. TWMNEs were smaller than their counterparts from developed countries and have limited number of overseas operations. The competitive advantages of TWMNEs were based on cost advantages (particularly labour cost) and greater responsiveness to host country needs which is different from western MNEs. They served market niches which were not covered by the traditional MNEs and so were not in direct competition with them. The major motivation for these FDI was protecting export markets rather than exploiting rent from proprietary technological know-how (or other ownership specific advantages characteristic of western MNEs) explained in theories, such as the eclectic paradigm of Dunning (1977, 1995). TWMNEs possessed first or second generation labour-intensive technologies and produced standardized products mainly for the domestic host country market which at stage 4 of IDP. Wells (1983) presupposes a pecking order hypothesis to suggest that the TWMNEs technologies could fill the technological gap between the advanced technology of developed country MNEs and the rudimentary technology of less developed countries (LDCs) in a pecking down order. Lall (1983) emphasized the flexibility and adaptability of TWMNEs technologies to be more suitable or appropriate to LDC situations.2.2.4 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)It may look surprising that there is significant number of foreign direct investments by some firms from developing countries because it is usually credited to more developed countries. A number of studies indicate that FDI flows not only from the industrialized or well-developed countries, as well as developing countries. Scholars such as Lecraw (1981, 1993), Wells (1977, 1981), Lall (1983a, and 1983b), Kumar and Lim (1984), Ulgado et. al., (1994) are only some of those who have carried out empirical studies and researched FDI flows from developing country firms in the 1970s and 1980s. Comparisons between the nature of international expansion of firms from developing countries and the nature of those corporations that originated from developed countries are made in most of these studies (Dunning, 1986 Vernon-Wortzel and Wortzel, 1988). In general, it has been depicted that the competitive advantages of MNCs from developed country are derived from advanced proprietary technology or other tiptop resources (Yeung, 1994). While ability to reduce costs of imported technology through de-scaled manufacturing or smaller scale of production is focus of the competitive advantage from developing country MNCs we re derived from their This is a process whereby technologies from industrialised countries are adapted to suit smaller markets by reducing scale, replacing machinery with manual labour, and relying on local inputs (Ramamurti, 2004).outward-bound direct investment from developing countries started to grow rapidly to a sizeable magnitude during the mid-1980. This became the main tool of developing country multinationals in demanding that their constituent firms build up for the drastically international competition that they were about to face(Kumar, 1996, 1997). The emergence of new technologies in the late 1980s somehow decreases the interest in outward direct investment from developing countries subsided (Kumar, 1996 Oh et. al., 1998 Pananond and Zeithaml, 1998 van Hoesel, 1999). Pananond and Zeithaml(1998) and van Hoesel(1999) recounted that aggregate analyses of developing country MNEs conducted at the industry level get attention from scholars and yielded interesting results by the early 1990s. They cerebrate that there were marked differences in characteristics between developing country MNEs in the 1980s and 1990s. Scholars posited that these two groups of MNEs belonged to two different waves of development in term of their respective historical backgrounds, nature of businesses, extent of the role of government in operations and transactions, geographical direction, and mode of internationalisation activity. MNEs in the 1980s are more have-to doe with with cost competitiveness with their competitors (van Hoesel, 1999). In contrast, developing country MNEs in the 1990s placed greater emphasis on the development and reset business strategies due to the dynamic changing patterns of world business structure brought about by trade liberalisation and economic globalisation (Dunning et al., 1997). Besides this, they put more stew on technological competence as the source of competitive advantage (Pananond and Zeithmal, 1998). They noted that notwithstandin g these differences, there existed several significant interrelated points of convergence between the two groups (Dunning et al., 1997 van Hoesel, 1999).2.1.5 Regional and global internationalization processesIn analyzing the early internationalization steps of smaller and less experienced companies, the internationalization process model by Johanson and Vahlne (1977) is regarded as a highly useful tool. In internationalization research, a couple of(prenominal) studies have been conducted on higher level internationalization where companies are established in several countries and have fully-owned businesses (Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006). The more countries in a region a firm exports to, the more extensive is the regional internationalization process. The more regions a firm exports to, the more global is the internationalization process.New stages of internationalization are established when a firm extends its business from one major type of market to another or from one type of forei gn environment to another. The main factor behind these stages is experiential knowledge, meaning that firms gradually build a knowledge base through operating in foreign markets. They learn from past experience by transforming this experience to useful knowledge. There are three types of such knowledge (Eriksson et al., 1997). Internationalization knowledge about how to perform international operations is an expression of a firms current stock of knowledge in the form of its resources and capabilities. The more novel the foreign environment, the more difficult it is for the firm to apply its current stock of knowledge to that foreign market. This means that there is a gap between a firms present internationalization knowledge and the knowledge the company has about how to do business in the specific foreign market, i.e. concerning its network experiential knowledge and institutional knowledge (Blomstermo et al., 2004).Based on a firms experiential knowledge process, internationaliz ation processes are often divided into different degrees of internationalization. Johanson and Mattsson (1991) discuss the internationalization process for firms with various degrees of internationalization and propose that the process is mainly valid during the early stages of a firms internationalization inexperienced firms tend to follow a traditionally verbose and gradual pattern, while the internationalization of a more experienced company is less slow and gradual.2.2.6 Uppsala modelThe Uppsala model (Johanson Weidersheim-Paul, 1975 Johanson Vahlne, 1977) provides an explanation of the dynamic process of internationalization of individual firms. The Uppsala model emphasize on the importance of gaining knowledge and experience about the characteristics of foreign markets along the internationalisation path, and helps MNEs reduced risks and levels of uncertainty in unknown foreign environments before investing (Wiedersheim-Paul et al., 1978).The successive steps of increasing highly commitment are based on knowledge acquisition. Foreign activities started with export to foreign country through independent representative or agent, after that establish sales subsidiary and finally start production in the host country. The internationalization of the firm across many foreign markets was particularly related to psychic distance which included differences in language, education, business practices, culture and industrial development. Firstly, enter foreign market which closer in term of psychic distance, followed by subsequent entries in markets with greater psychic distances. Same goes to entry mode of foreign market. The incremental expansion of market commitment meant that the initial entry was typically some form of low commitment mode and followed by progressively higher levels of commitment. Obviously, commitment of the level of ownership in different markets was correlated with their psychic distance. The Uppsala model had received general support in e mpirical research (Welch and Loustarinen, 1988 Davidson, 1980, 1983 Erramilli et al., 1999) and its largely original nature and evolutionary learning perspective made it attractive as an explanatory model.A related view regards learning was that TWMNEs built up their advantages through the accumulation of technology and skills. Lall (1983) emphasized on the localization and adaptation of technology to suit local markets by TWMNEs. Tolentino (1993) foc utilize in term of the accumulation of technological competence in the expansion of firms from developing countries which was consistent with the resource-based view of building competitive advantage in strategic management. The accumulation of knowledge and competence especially its knowledge of developing markets and not so much its technology by the CP group in Thailand was the key to its internationalization. There are also differences between the CP Group and Western MNEs (Pananond and Zeithaml, 1998). Mathews (2002, 2006) postu lated that emerging firms could foster internationalization via leverage of their contractual linkages with other foreign firms to acquire resources and learning new capabilities. He indicated that this explanation complemented the OLI framework and could be used to explain the rise of such latecomer firms which he dubbed as Dragon multinationals.2.2.7 Asian ContextYeung (1999) Zutshi Gibbons (1989) portrayed that western theories on internationalization have inadvertence the active role played by the state and overlooked the institutional or contextual perspective in the internationalization of Asian. Asians state evermore plays a direct and active role in the internationalization of its MNEs. For example, the Singapore government played a key and direct role in the promotion of outward FDI (e.g., growth triangles, industrial parks in foreign countries), particularly from the early 1990s in its regionalization programs (Pang, 1994 Tan, 1995 ESCAP/UNCTAD, 1997). Incentives and ot her programs for instance tax incentives, finance schemes, training also provided to foster the rapid development of local entrepreneurship in the regionalization efforts. In Malaysia, the government took a very active role in promoting the internationalization of Malaysian firms. Investment promotion missions abroad were organized and often lead by the Prime Minister. The government provided incentives including tax abatement in 1991 and subsequently full tax liberty in 1995 for income earned overseas and remitted back to Malaysia. An overseas investment guarantee program was instituted. Malaysian government instructed firms to defer non-essential overseas investment in order to reduce the impact of the effects of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. In the Asian context, the state has played a very active and direct role in promoting the internationalization of its national firms. This is much different with the western context, where the role of the state is benign and indirect.2.3 SummaryThis chapter first discussed the internationalization process in terms of entry notes and process, eclectic explanation, foreign direct investment, regional and global internationalization processes, Uppsala model and Asian context. The following chapter discusses the research method, survey development, and sample selectionCHAPTER 3 methodology3.1 IntroductionThis chapter provides an overview of the research method. It starts by explaining the appropriateness of the research method. Then discusses the research design which consists of seven steps questionnaire development, literature review, proposal, data collection, data analysis, discussion and conclusion, and write-up. bordering the data collection and sample selection is discussed with reasons for each of the decisions involved. The next section discusses the statistical methods. Lastly, a Gantt chart will be use to estimate the times use in each activity.3.2 Sampling TechniqueA case study approach will be using in thi s paper. It tends to provide in depth information and intimate details about the particular case being studied. This approach was used to collect comprehensive and holistic data (Eisenhardt, 1989 Internationalization Strategies of Emerging Asian MNEs 491 Yin, 1994) about firms that have internationalized their operations over time. The focus here is on MNEs from Malaysia (a fast developing country).Case studies mean that the research investigates few objects in many respects (Wiedersheim-Paul, Eriksson, 1991). Case studies are most suitable if you like to get a detailed understanding about different kinds of process (Lekvall Wahlbin, 1987). The researches may, for instance, choose a line of business and an enterprise, and conduct an in depth investigation (Wiedersheim-Paul, Eriksson, 1991). Yin (1994) states, that when the form of the questions is why and how, the case study strategy is most possible to be appropriate.The research problem I have investigated was how the internat ionalisation process of a MNEs when entering to foreign market can be characterised , which was divided into quatern research questions.3.3 Data Collection3.3.1 Secondary dataEriksson Wiedersheim-Paul (1997) points out that secondary data is data, which already has been collected by someone else, for another purpose. Statistics, and reports issued by governments , trade associations, and so on, are some sources of secondary data (Chisnall, 1997). The annual report and the enterprises homepage, are another sources of secondary data (Wiedersheim-Paul, Eriksson, 1991). Secondary data research should always be carried out before doing any field survey (Chisnall, 1991).When I had defined the research area, I started to search for relevant literature. The databases that I have used to find relevant literature are EBSCOhost, Science Direct, Libris, ABI/INFORM, and Helecon. The keywords used when searching the databases were international business, Malaysian MNEs, internationalization, strategies, mode of entry. These words were co